Extracellular Vesicles in Essential Hypertension: Hidden Messengers

Urinary extracellular vesicles: A position paper by the Urine Task Force of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles

“…These results were the foundation for a prostate cancer diagnostic test that has been extensively validated in two prospective multi‐center US studies (McKiernan et al., 2016; McKiernan et al., 2018). Altogether, these promising results inspired the search for uEV‐based biomarkers for other urogenital tract pathologies such as polycystic kidney disease, cystinuria, diabetic nephropathy, acute kidney injury/ renal ischemia‐reperfusion injury, glomerulonephritis, renal interstitial fibrosis/ chronic kidney disease, lupus nephritis, nephronophthisis‐related ciliopathies, tubulopathies and primary and secondary hypertension (Abe et al., 2018; Bourderioux et al., 2015; Chun‐Yan et al., 2018; Corbetta et al., 2015; Gonzalez‐Calero et al., 2017; Kwon et al., 2017; La Salvia et al., 2020; Morikawa et al., 2018; Qi et al., 2016; Raimondo et al., 2016; Raimondo et al., 2020; Salih et al., 2016; Salih et al., 2018; Sonoda et al., 2009; Stokman et al., 2019; Tangtanatakul et al., 2018; van der Lubbe et al., 2012; Williams et al., 2020; Wolley et al., 2017; Zubiri et al., 2014). Many of the newly identified candidate biomarkers have not yet been validated in large independent cohorts or in additional laboratories, but nevertheless these examples highlight the enormous potential for uEV analyses as readouts for pathophysiological alterations within the urogenital and other systems.…”

Left heart function evaluation of patients with essential hypertension and paroxysmal atrial fibrillation by two-dimensional speckle tracking imaging combined with real-time three-dimensional ultrasound imaging

“…Cardiac insufficiency during diastole or systole in patients with ETH causes both ventricular and atrial pressures to change ( 22) resulting in the level of angiotensinconverting enzyme in atrial tissue to significantly increase and the density of angiotensin receptors to increase (23). Mediated by angiotensin receptor type I, calcium overload in myocardial cells increases, which in turn triggers atrial fibrillation.…”

“…At the same time, angiotensin receptors can also influence angiotensin type I receptors causing atrial muscle hypertrophy. The accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins leads to obvious fibrosis of the atria, which affects conduction function and triggers atrial remodeling (22,23).…”

The Protective Effects of Tripeptides VPP and IPP against Small Extracellular Vesicles from Angiotensin II-Induced Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Mediating Endothelial Dysfunction in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells

“…Most studies have reported the abundant cytokines and chemokines, such as ox-LDL, Ang II, VEGF, and advanced glycation end products, have been involved in mediating vascular homeostasis. Some experiments have established that the extracellular vesicles (EVs) represent potential novel biomarkers and bioactivators in the hypertension. , …”

“…Some experiments have established that the extracellular vesicles (EVs) represent potential novel biomarkers and bioactivators in the hypertension. 7,8 The EVs are regarded as a heterogeneous family of membrane vesicles, which can be discovered from virtually any cell type in the animals and plants, even microorganisms. 9 EVs are composed of a lipid bilayer membrane, loading some biological contents such as RNAs, proteins, and lipids derived from the cell of origin.…”