Extraction and Characterization of Black Betel Leaf (Piper Acre Blume.) Essential Oils From East Kalimantan

Abstract

Objective: To determine the extraction technique and content of linalool, as the dominant compound, in black betel essential oil from East Kalimantan using a validated analytical method.
 Methods: Extraction was carried out using steam distillation. Essential oils were assessed by observing the colour and solubility in ethanol. Using an Agilent GC-MS with a 5977B (GCMSD) detector, a DB-5MS column, and a helium gas carrier of 1 ml/minute. The level of dominant compounds was determined using a validated analytical method.
 Results: The essential oil had characteristics that met SNI standards. Based on the results of GC-MS, the dominant compound in five samples was linalool. Validation of the analytical method was carried out with the following conditions established: injector temperature 250 °C, oven temperature 40 °C with a 2 min holding time, reaching 125 °C with a 10 min holding time, reaching 250 °C with a 2 min holding time, reaching 340 °C with a 10 min holding time. The resulted in a linearity of 0.999; a 1.637% relative standard deviation for precision; 102.27% recovery value for accuracy; 0.4% LOD; and 1.2% LOQ. The percentage linalool content of the samples was found in the sample code MADSH 4 (10.56% with a standard deviation of 0.6169).
 Conclusion: The steam distillation extraction method can be used to obtain essential oil with characteristics that meet SNI standards. Based on the results of GC-MS, linalool is the dominant compound, with a concentration of 10.56% found in the MADSH4 sample.

Quality Control and Authentication of Black Betel Leaf Extract (Piper acre Blume) from East Kalimantan as an Antimicrobial Agent Using a Combination of High-Performance Liquid Chromatography and Chemometric Fourier Transform Infrared

“…There are also various other types of betel in Indonesia, namely Piper betle and red betel (Piper ornatum). These three types of betel have the same genus name but are different varieties, and the types of compounds in each of the plants are relatively similar [1][2][3]. Traditionally, the types of betel plants were distinguished through their distinctive aroma, leaf shape, and spicy chelate taste.…”

“…Traditionally, the types of betel plants were distinguished through their distinctive aroma, leaf shape, and spicy chelate taste. The differences indicate the levels of certain compounds found in the betel plants that are correlated with the resulting biological activity [2].…”

“…The people of East Kalimantan have deep-rooted traditions and knowledge regarding the use of medicinal plants, which are still practiced today [2]. Piper acre Blume, as a traditional East Kalimantan medicine, has been commonly used for its properties to suppress fever, remove dampness, eliminate toxicity, and for its antimicrobial properties for centuries.…”

“…Piper acre Blume, as a traditional East Kalimantan medicine, has been commonly used for its properties to suppress fever, remove dampness, eliminate toxicity, and for its antimicrobial properties for centuries. In modern phytochemical and pharmacological studies, the alkaloids have recently been reported to have significant anti-viral, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer and antimicrobial properties [2]. Black betel leaf ethanol extract contains piperenamide A (Figure 1), which is a new alkaloid, with antimicrobial properties [2,4].…”

“…In modern phytochemical and pharmacological studies, the alkaloids have recently been reported to have significant anti-viral, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer and antimicrobial properties [2]. Black betel leaf ethanol extract contains piperenamide A (Figure 1), which is a new alkaloid, with antimicrobial properties [2,4]. A previous study has reported that the ethanol extract of black betel leaf contains the compound piperenamide A, which has increasing inhibition activity with increasing concentrations of black betel leaf ethanol extract on the growth of S. mutans, S. sanguinis, and Candida albicans [4].…”