Extraction of Hydroxyapatite Nanostructures from Marine Wastes for the Fabrication of Biopolymer-Based Porous Scaffolds

Abstract

Three-dimensional porous nanocomposites consisting of gelatin-carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) cross-linked by carboxylic acids biopolymers and monophasic hydroxyapatite (HA) nanostructures were fabricated by lyophilization, for soft-bone-tissue engineering. The bioactive ceramic nanostructures were prepared by a novel wet-chemical and low-temperature procedure from marine wastes containing calcium carbonates. The effect of surface-active molecules, including sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), on the morphology of HA nanostructures is shown. It is demonstrated that highly bioactive and monophasic HA nanorods with an aspect ratio > 10 can be synthesized in the presence of SDS. In vitro studies on the bioactive biopolymer composite scaffolds with varying pore sizes, from 100 to 300 μm, determine the capacity of the developed procedure to convert marine wastes to profitable composites for tissue engineering.

Recent Developments of Carboxymethyl Cellulose

“…However, their cell viability for in vitro applications, cell adhering capacity, and toxicity are some promising challenges in this context. Recently, Gheysari et al (2019) [ 298 ] fabricated a highly porous hydroxyapatite-gel/CMC nanocomposite scaffold by a facile lyophilization method that exhibited high cell adhering capacity, non-toxicity, and good cell viability with a high water uptake capacity (up to >600%). Moreover, the synthesized scaffolds were biodegradable with satisfactory cell viability (i.e., >80% even after 48 h), revealed by in vitro experimental incubations.…”

The Essentials of Marine Biotechnology

“…In this perspective, biocompatible artificial synapses based on seaweed matrix biopolymer (ι-carrageenan) with silver dynamics added, has the potential for constructing neuromorphic systems, using an environmentally benign material (Kim and Lee, 2018). Oyster shells, chitin from the exoskeleton of crustaceans and collagen extracted from cartilaginous or bony fish skin byproducts can be used to produce biomedical scaffolds (Gheysari et al, 2020). Biopolymers, such as sodium alginate, carrageenan and fucoidan derived from marine algae, chitosan obtained by deacetylation of the chitin extracted from the exoskeleton of crabs and shrimps, and porous silica shell of marine diatoms are used for the development of drug and cell delivery systems, hydrogels and bioactive coatings and also scaffolds for next generation of tissue engineering products (Figure 6, Kim, 2013;Posocco et al, 2015;Cardoso et al, 2016;Perale and Hilborn, 2016;Roman et al, 2019), and nanotoxicity studies (Ciglenečki-Jušić and Svetličić, 2015).…”

Thermosensitive alginate–gelatin–nitrogen-doped carbon dots scaffolds as potential injectable hydrogels for cartilage tissue engineering applications

“…Also, nanostructures can augment the OA-GEL network structure, providing enhanced thermal and mechanical characteristics. So far, couples of inorganic components have been considered, which incorporated metal oxide NPs, 14 layered double hydroxides, [15][16][17] carbon nanotubes, 18 hydroxyapatite, 19,20 graphene oxide, 21,22 and clay minerals. [23][24][25] We have chosen materials that can simulate cartilage properties: oxidized alginate (OA), gelatin (GEL), and nitrogen-doped carbon dots (NCDs) as reinforcement.…”