Extractives of Tree Biomass of Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) for Biorefining in Four Climatic Regions in Finland—Lipophilic Compounds, Stilbenes, and Lignans

Abstract

The aim of the study was to quantify total extractive contents and lipophilic compounds, stilbenes, and lignans in Scots pine stem wood, stem bark, branch biomass, and sawmill residues in four climatic regions of Finland to evaluate the most optimal sources of extractives for bio-based chemical biorefining and bioenergy products. Data were derived from 78 chip samples from the before-mentioned raw materials, the samples being pooled by tree height position from the sample trees of 42 experimental forest stands, and sawdust lots from 10 log stands. Accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) was employed to determine total extractive contents, followed by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC–FID) to quantify extractive groups and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) to analyse individual extractive compounds. Resin acids and triglycerides followed by fatty acids were the dominant extractive groups. Resin acids were most abundant in stem wood from final fellings and in sawdust, fatty acids in bark and branch biomass, and triglycerides also in stem wood from thinnings and the top parts of trees. Of the minor extractive groups, stilbenes were the most abundant in stem wood from final fellings and in sawdust, and steryl esters, sterols, and lignans in bark and branch biomass, the two last groups almost missing from other biomass components. Regional differences in the contents of extractive groups were generally small, 1.0−1.5 percentage points at the maximum, but factor analysis distinguished northern and southern regions into their own groups. Bark was the most potential source of fatty acids and sterols in southern Finland, and triglycerides and steryl esters in northern Finland. In stem wood, steryl esters, triglycerides, and lignans decreased and stilbenes increased from north to south. Certain fatty acids and resin acids were more frequent in the north. The results highlighted the importance of focused procurement and efficient sorting of raw materials, purity, unique properties, and feasible isolation techniques for competitive ability as well as large raw material volumes or well-defined value-added products.

The Effect of Surface Treatment on the Antibacterial Properties of Wood and the Possibility to Detect the Antibacteriality with Fluorescence Method

“…In addition to stilbenes, Scots pine heartwood also contains resin acids, the content of which was not analysed in the present study. The total resin acid content is higher than the stilbene content [10,[27][28][29]. The resin acids are also the main components of pine sapwood and spruce extracts [10,11].…”

Safety and efficacy of a feed additive consisting of a tincture derived from the buds of Pinus sylvestris L. (pine tincture) for use in all animal species (FEFANA abl)

“…The relative pattern of resin acids in different parts (stem wood, stem wood thinning, sawdust, branch biomass and bark) of P. sylvestris from different climatic regions in Finland has been described by Verkasalo et al. ( 2022 ). Overall, the most abundant compounds were abietic acid (0.404–3.994 mg/g dw) and dehydroabietic acid (0.707–3.290 mg/g dw), followed by neoabietic acid (0–2.868 mg/g dw), levopimaric acid (0.012–2.796 mg/g dw), palustric acid (0–2.707 mg/g dw), pimaric acid (0.373–1.731 mg/g dw), isopimaric acid (0.270–1.135 mg/g dw), sandaracopimaric (0.091–0.307 mg/g dw).…”

“…Several publications reported the presence of resin acids (abietic acid, neoabietic acid, dehydroabietic acid, levopimaric acid, palustric acid, pimaric acid, isopimaric acid, sandaracopimaric acid) in P. sylvestris wood (15-25 mg/g) and needles (about 5 mg/g) (Manninen et al, 2002;Ekeberg et al, 2006;Hovelstad et al, 2006). The relative pattern of resin acids in different parts (stem wood, stem wood thinning, sawdust, branch biomass and bark) of P. sylvestris from different climatic regions in Finland has been described by Verkasalo et al (2022). Overall, the most abundant compounds were abietic acid (0.404-3.994 mg/g dw) and dehydroabietic acid (0.707-3.290 mg/g dw), followed by neoabietic acid (0-2.868 mg/g dw), levopimaric acid (0.012-2.796 mg/g dw), palustric acid (0-2.707 mg/g dw), pimaric acid (0.373-1.731 mg/g dw), isopimaric acid (0.270-1.135 mg/g dw), sandaracopimaric (0.091-0.307 mg/g dw).…”

Effect of Chemical and Steam Explosion Pulping on the Physical and Mechanical Properties of Sugarcane Straw Pulp Trays

“…Ewunie et al [32] reported that the extractive components in pretreated Jatropha curcas fruit shell (JCFS) were comparatively lower than the untreated JCFS. The extractives in plant materials consist of lipids, phenolic compounds, terpenoids, fatty acids, resin acids, sterol esters, sterol, and waxes [33]. At relatively lower temperatures (40 • C), the NaOH concentration had more effect on increasing holocellulose content [34].…”