Extreme Hatred: Revisiting the Hate Crime and Terrorism Relationship to Determine Whether They Are “Close Cousins” or “Distant Relatives”

Mills, Colleen E.; Freilich, Joshua D.; Chermak, Steven M.

doi:10.1177/0011128715620626

Cited by 61 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 71 publications

(141 reference statements)

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“…Opinions on whether such attacks should qualify as terrorism are therefore divided (Mills et al. ). Most attacks are never claimed or explained, but they generally involve demonstrating hostility towards and instilling fear into some target group represented by the victim.…”

Section: Conceptsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Explaining right‐wing terrorism and violence in Western Europe: Grievances, opportunities and polarisation

Ravndal

2017

European J Political Res

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Why have some Western liberal democracies experienced more right-wing terrorism and violence (RTV) than others? This question remains largely unanswered in existing research on the extreme right because (1) events data suitable for cross-national comparisons have been lacking, and (2) existing analyses fail to capture RTV's causal complexity, which involve multiple causal paths (equifinality) comprising causal conditions that become sufficient for the outcome only in combination (conjunctural causation). To help fill these gaps, this paper uses new events data from the RTV dataset in a qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) research design, aiming to explain variation in the extent of RTV in 18 West European countries between 1990 and 2015. In doing so, the paper identifies two "causal recipes" that consistently distinguish countries with extensive RTV experience from those with low or moderate RTV experience. The first (North European) recipe involves the combination of high immigration, low electoral support for anti-immigration (radical right) parties, and extensive public repression of radical right actors and opinions. The second (South European) recipe involves the combination of socio-economic hardship, authoritarian legacies, and extensive left-wing terrorism and militancy. Notably, both recipes contain elements of "grievances" and "opportunities", suggesting that these two theories, which are conventionally seen as contrasting, may be more fruitfully seen as complementary. Furthermore, a highly polarized conflict between far right activists and their enemies represents a third necessary condition for extensive RTV to occur. A key to combating violent extremism on the far right therefore lies in disrupting rather than accelerating such polarization mechanisms, suggesting that openness and dialogue might work better than public repression, stigmatization, or aggressive confrontation.

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Section: Conceptsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Explaining right‐wing terrorism and violence in Western Europe: Grievances, opportunities and polarisation

Ravndal

2017

European J Political Res

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“…Others endure longer‐term negative consequences, such as chronic mental health problems, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) . Some use anger to target outsiders as the source of risk, others turn inwardly with grief …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The lingering nature of these emotions can also influence other judgments . For example, there is evidence that anxiety about terrorism is associated with anxiety about disease outbreak and that chronic anger at out‐group members can lead to violence …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tracking and Analyzing Individual Distress Following Terrorist Attacks Using Social Media Streams

2017

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Risk research has theorized a number of mechanisms that might trigger, prolong, or potentially alleviate individuals' distress following terrorist attacks. These mechanisms are difficult to examine in a single study, however, because the social conditions of terrorist attacks are difficult to simulate in laboratory experiments and appropriate preattack baselines are difficult to establish with surveys. To address this challenge, we propose the use of computational focus groups and a novel analysis framework to analyze a social media stream that archives user history and location. The approach uses time-stamped behavior to quantify an individual's preattack behavior after an attack has occurred, enabling the assessment of time-specific changes in the intensity and duration of an individual's distress, as well as the assessment of individual and social-level covariates. To exemplify the methodology, we collected over 18 million tweets from 15,509 users located in Paris on November 13, 2015, and measured the degree to which they expressed anxiety, anger, and sadness after the attacks. The analysis resulted in findings that would be difficult to observe through other methods, such as that news media exposure had competing, time-dependent effects on anxiety, and that gender dynamics are complicated by baseline behavior. Opportunities for integrating computational focus group analysis with traditional methods are discussed.

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“…He was a selfproclaimed white supremacist who was known in the neo-Nazi community and frequently advocated for a "race war." 54 Similar to Breivik and Dylann Roof of the Charleston shooting, Page's actions were also described as a rogue "lone wolf" and "hate crime" despite fulfilling the definitions of domestic terrorism. 55 Breivik, Roof, and Ward cannot truly be a lone wolf terrorist because their actions were inspired largely by anti-Muslim and white supremacist rhetoric.…”

Section: Labelingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Labeling and Framing: Understanding Responses to Terrorism and the Far-Right

Piasecki¹

2018

PSUR

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The War on Terror narrative has created gaps in the critical understanding of terrorism studies, particularly in how the media and the state label politically motivated violence. The understanding of what terrorism means for western states has shifted dramatically after the events of September 11, 2001. With that shift, there has also been an increase in social movements that attempt to work within or work outside the current government rhetoric. However, the existence of such movements and groups and the violent acts they commit has been on the rise. This paper seeks to explore whether or not the inconsistent labeling of far-right social movement violence in western states as ‘lone wolf violence’ or ‘hate crime’ rather than ‘terrorism’ is detrimental to the critical understanding of both terrorism and counter terrorism.

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Extreme Hatred: Revisiting the Hate Crime and Terrorism Relationship to Determine Whether They Are “Close Cousins” or “Distant Relatives”

Cited by 61 publications

References 71 publications

Explaining right‐wing terrorism and violence in Western Europe: Grievances, opportunities and polarisation

Explaining right‐wing terrorism and violence in Western Europe: Grievances, opportunities and polarisation

Tracking and Analyzing Individual Distress Following Terrorist Attacks Using Social Media Streams

Labeling and Framing: Understanding Responses to Terrorism and the Far-Right

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