Extrinsic factors influencing gut microbes, the immediate consequences and restoring eubiosis

Abstract

From the emerging studies, the more diverse the microbial population in the gut, the healthier the gut. Health benefits are associated with the functional characteristics of these diverse microbial genes. Extrinsic factors causing dysbiosis are extensively studied however, linking the varying degree of consequences to the respective factors and therapeutic possibilities are not explored at length. This review aims to examine from previous studies and put forward the types of dysbiosis, the immediate consequences and the scientific approaches to restore disrupted microbiota. Dietary supplements are found to be one of the factors contributing profoundly to the alteration of gut microbiota. While diet rich in fibre and fermented food established a diverse microbiome and produce vital metabolites, high fat, animal proteins and high caloric carbohydrate are as well relative to dysbiosis among infants, adult or diseases individuals. The intermittent fasting, feeding methods, the pH and water quality are among the factors associated with dysbiosis. Prebiotics and Probiotics maintain and restore gut homeostasis. Antibiotic-induced dysbiosis are relatively on the spectrum of activity, the pharmacokinetics properties, the dose taken during the treatment route of administration and the duration of drug therapy. The higher the altitude, the lesser the diversity. Extreme temperatures as well are related to reduced microbial activity and metabolism. Delivery through caserium-section deprived the newborn from restoring valuable vaginal bacterial species and the baby will instead assumed intestinal microbiota-like. While exercise and oxidative stress contribute even though moderately, fecal microbial transfer (FMT) also influence gut microbiota.

Bacillus subtilis-Based Probiotic Improves Skeletal Health and Immunity in Broiler Chickens Exposed to Heat Stress

“…The gut microbiota (gut flora) plays a critical role in preserving host health by releasing various metabolites to stimulate hosts’ neural, endocrine, and immune systems [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 ]. However, microbial functions can be changed markedly by multiple factors, such as lifestyle (living environments), nutrition and health condition (pathophysiological disorders), life-stage (age), and medical substances in humans [ 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ]. It can be further affected by management issues such as rearing conditions (restriction, crowding, heat, cold environments), breeding programs (selected for a special production indicator), and stress-related factors (transportation and weaning) in farm animals [ 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 ].…”

Pathogenic mechanism of intestinal microbiota involved in Guillain-Barre syndrome and with Bifidobacterium intervention

“…Intestinal microbiota plays an important role in maintaining immune homeostasis [22]. It has been proven that mitigated Tregs and augmented Th17 cells and cytokines are associated with the occurrence and development of EAN [23].…”

The varying effects of antibiotics on gut microbiota

“…These come with number of health hazardous consequences. Even though antibiotics are saving millions of lives, they are as well reducing residential bacteria and these bacteria are crucial for a healthy gut (Bajinka et al 2020a , b ). Physicians will prescribe broad spectrum antibiotics, often when the pathogen is unknown.…”

“…Cutting-edge researches have established the dysbiosis in the gut flora and the period of recovery due to the use of antibiotics and other drugs. While antibiotics are much studied, an account on the degree of varying effects on gut microbial alteration caused by non-antibiotics are also studied (Bajinka et al 2020a , b ). The use and or the application of other drugs, orally as medication, use on agriculture, gut recovery and healing are looked into, to give evidence based findings.…”