Eye Surface Temperature as a Potential Indicator of Physical Fitness in Ranch Horses

Trindade, Pedro Henrique Esteves; Ferraz, Guilherme de Camargo; Lima, Maria Lúcia Pereira; Negrão, João Alberto; Costa, Mateus José Rodrigues Paranhos da

doi:10.1016/j.jevs.2018.11.015

Cited by 19 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…. A recent study proposed IRT ET as an indicator of physical fitness in ranch horses [ 31 ], as opposed to a purely psychological reaction to effort. The rise was attributed to increased blood flow in muscles and peripheral heat dissipation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The use of hairless vascularised areas such as the lacrimal caruncle to measure temperature minimises interference from skin and coat colour, and environmental conditions [ 30 ]. The rise in eye temperature measured by infrared thermography (IRT ET ) was reported as a reliable indicator of short-term stress, and is often studied together with salivary cortisol in horses [ 10 , 14 , 31 – 34 ]. It has been generally accepted that a rise in eye temperature represents an emotional response to stressors, including exercise [ 35 ], as opposed to a physiological response to exercise’s physical demands, as proposed recently [ 31 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The rise in eye temperature measured by infrared thermography (IRT ET ) was reported as a reliable indicator of short-term stress, and is often studied together with salivary cortisol in horses [ 10 , 14 , 31 – 34 ]. It has been generally accepted that a rise in eye temperature represents an emotional response to stressors, including exercise [ 35 ], as opposed to a physiological response to exercise’s physical demands, as proposed recently [ 31 ]. IRT ET may represent a measure of emotive reactivity to effort, that can have a beneficial or detrimental effect on performance [ 14 , 35 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Salivary cortisol and eye temperature changes during endurance competitions

et al. 2021

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Background The purpose of this study was to investigate the usefulness of salivary cortisol (SC) and eye temperature measured by infrared thermography (IRTET) as biomarkers to manage competitions more effectively and monitor horse welfare in endurance competitions. Based on previous studies, it was hypothesised that pre-exercise baseline SC and IRTET would be higher in younger or less experienced horses, and that post-exercise variation from baseline would be higher in the top finishers. Results Salivary cortisol measured in 61 competing at qualifier 40 km and 80 km rides showed an abrupt variation (93–256% rise) of the baseline SC levels [median ± interquartile range (IQR) = 0.27 ng/dl ± 0.36] obtained at the Pre-Inspection (PI) into Vet Gate (VG)1 independently of the covered distance, but modest or even lower in the subsequent Vet Gates, e.g. VG2 or VG3. The IRTET measured concomitantly in 16 horses showed significant (p < 0.05) higher levels at the PI in less experienced horses participating in the 40 km ride (median ± IQR = 35.7 °C ± 1.4) than their counterparts in the 80 km ride (median ± IQR = 35.0 °C ± 1.5), but not SC. Baseline SC levels at the PI of horses classifying in the Top5 in the 40 km ride category were significantly (p < 0.05) higher median ± IQR = 0.90 ng/ml ±0.61) when compared to horses positioned from 10th position on (median ± IQR = 0.16 ng/ml ±0.40). A lower IRTET in the PI was correlated with better placement (p < 0.05) and those in the Top5 (median ± IQR = 33.9 °C ± 0.0) had a significantly (p < 0.5) higher variation (+ 10.65%) into the last VG. Conclusion Pre-exercise baseline IRTET levels, but not SC, were higher in less experienced horses in the 40 compared to their counterparts in the 80 km ride competitions. SC and IRTET showed different indications according to the competition. In the40 km ride competition, higher baseline pre-exercise SC levels seemed to be linked to a better classification outcome. In contrast, in the 80 km ride horses, the higher IRTET variation from pre-exercise into final Vet Gate was the parameter associated with a better performance. A more controlled environment and a larger sample are needed to confirm these results and monitor horse welfare in competitions.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Salivary cortisol and eye temperature changes during endurance competitions

et al. 2021

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“…A recent study proposed IRT OT as an indicator of physical tness in ranch horses [40], as opposed to a purely psychological reaction to effort The rise was attributed to an increase of blood ow in muscles and peripheral heat dissipation and correlation was found with creatine kinase (CK), indicating a possible association with muscle damage. More studies are warranted to investigate the meaning and usefulness of IRT OT .…”

Section: Sc Levels and Irt Ot Association With Competition Outcomementioning

confidence: 99%

“…More recently, IRT OT has been also studied in showjumping [35,36] and dressage competitions [37], in Standardbred harness races [38] and in at race Arabian and Thoroughbred horses in training [39]. It has been generally accepted that the rise in ocular temperature represents an emotional response to stressors, including exercise [38], as opposed to a physiological response to physical demand of exercise, as proposed recently [40]. IRT OT may represent a measure of emotive reactivity to effort, that can have a bene cial or detrimental effect on performance [15,38].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Salivary Cortisol and Infrared Thermographic Ocular Temperature Use as Biomarkers during Endurance Competitions

Mira¹,

Lamy²,

Santos³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Objective quantification of effort and distress during endurance rides through biomarkers could help manage competitions more effectively and monitor horse welfare through an evidence-based approach. This study aimed to determine if salivary cortisol (SC) and ocular temperature measured by infrared thermography (IRTOT) are related to the outcome in endurance competitions. Saliva was collected and IRTOT measured from 61 and 14 horses, respectively, competing at qualifier 40km and 80km rides at Pre-Inspection (PI) and Vet Gates (VG). The variation of the baseline SC at the PI (median±IQR=0.27ng/dl±0.36) into VG1 was abrupt (93-256% rise) and in the next VGs either decreased or rose at a very modest level. Less experienced horses in the 40km ride showed a significantly (p<0.05) higher IRTOT (median±IQR=35.7ºC±1.4) at the PI, than their counterparts in the 80Km ride (median±IQR=35. ºC ±1.5). Horses classifying in the Top5, in the 40 km ride category had significantly (p=0.05) higher SC levels (median±IQR=0.90ng/ml ±0.61) at the PI, than horses positioned from 10th position on (median±IQR = 0.16ng/ml ±0.40). A lower IRTOT in the PI was correlated with a better placement (p>0.05) and those in the Top5 (median±IQR = 33.9ºC ±0.0) had a higher variation (+10.65%) into the last VG. A 62% predictive value for elimination (80% sensibility and 82% specificity) where SC is higher than 0.23ng/ml is advanced. SC and IRTOT can be potentially used in association to characterise physical effort and emotional stress in endurance competitions, but its significance to performance has to be put in context with the competition level.

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Advanced Ophthalmic Imaging in the Horse

Ledbetter¹,

Porter²

2022

Equine Ophthalmology

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Eye Surface Temperature as a Potential Indicator of Physical Fitness in Ranch Horses

Cited by 19 publications

References 49 publications

Salivary cortisol and eye temperature changes during endurance competitions

Salivary cortisol and eye temperature changes during endurance competitions

Salivary Cortisol and Infrared Thermographic Ocular Temperature Use as Biomarkers during Endurance Competitions

Advanced Ophthalmic Imaging in the Horse

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