Eye tracking in Child Computer Interaction: Challenges and opportunities

Sim, Gavin; Bond, Raymond

doi:10.1016/j.ijcci.2021.100345

Cited by 12 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 99 publications

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“…The authors also stress that future research should consider developing a framework to allow researchers to align the use of sensor data with ethical and social principles, and follow guidelines that allow the production of transferable knowledge (a certain degree of generalization). The second contribution by Sim and Bond (2021) focuses on how eye-tracking has been used in CCI research and future opportunities. The authors identified different uses of eyetracking in CCI and discussed opportunities to further understand children by leveraging eye-tracking metrics such as pupillometry and blinks, with important implications for empirical research (e.g., capturing expressions of children's experience such as cognitive load and arousal).…”

Section: In This Issuementioning

confidence: 99%

‘Lots done, more to do’: The current state of interaction design and children research and future directions

Giannakos

Markopoulos

Hourcade

et al. 2022

International Journal of Child-Computer Interaction

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Section: In This Issuementioning

confidence: 99%

‘Lots done, more to do’: The current state of interaction design and children research and future directions

Giannakos

Markopoulos

Hourcade

et al. 2022

International Journal of Child-Computer Interaction

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“…Eye tracking studies with children generally focus on fixation data (Sim and Bond 2021). Much of the early work on eye tracking with children focussed on understanding reading (Marcel and Patricia 1980) to understand differences between populations, for example children with numeric processing deficits (Moeller et al 2009) or autism (Su et al 2018) Eye tracking studies examining children's viewing behaviour with adverts have included food, tobacco, and alcohol.…”

Section: Eye Trackingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using Eye Tracking to Understand the Fidelity Effect when Evaluating Low-Fidelity Prototypes with Children

Sim

Read

2022

Electronic Workshops in Computing

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This study used eye tracking glasses to understand how children explore low-fidelity paper prototypes in the context of user experience studies. Twenty seven children aged between 9 and 11 participated in the study examining either a colour or black and white prototype of a mobile game. The research question being explored was whether the aesthetic refinement, either wireframe or high-resolution colour images, would affect children's selfreport and if so what could be learned from knowing where children looked when exploring the prototypes. The results showed that the aesthetic refinement had little influence over the children's overall ratings of the game. The eye tracking data demonstrated that most of the children focused on both the visuals and text on the pages of the prototype. However, there were a higher number of fixations recorded in the wireframe prototype suggesting this may have been more cognitively demanding. This paper contributes to understanding of fidelity effects when evaluating low-fidelity prototypes and shows how eye tracking technology can help inform HCI methodologies.

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“…Despite the potential utility of gaze behaviors in identifying early risk and/or later diagnosis with autism, eye-tracking studies involving this population have traditionally used computer-mounted eye-tracking devices during computer-based tasks, which lack social context, restrict movement, and are more susceptible to data loss in cases where the child looks away from the computer screen [ 39 ]. Among typically-developing infants, literature has well-documented that early attention is a critical component of effective learning experiences and that early social interaction is vital for such attention development (e.g., the more contingent our early interactions, the better we can pay attention alone later on).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conducting head-mounted eye-tracking research with young children with autism and children with increased likelihood of later autism diagnosis

Perkovich,

Laakman,

Mire

et al. 2024

J Neurodevelop Disord

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Background Over the past years, researchers have been using head-mounted eye-tracking systems to study young children’s gaze behaviors in everyday activities through which children learn about the world. This method has great potential to further our understanding of how millisecond-level gaze behaviors create multisensory experiences and fluctuate around social environments. While this line of work can yield insight into early perceptual experiences and potential learning mechanisms, the majority of the work is exclusively conducted with typically-developing children. Sensory sensitivities, social-communication difficulties, and challenging behaviors (e.g., disruption, elopement) are common among children with developmental disorders, and they may represent potential methodological challenges for collecting high-quality data. Results In this paper, we describe our research practices of using head-mounted eye trackers with 41 autistic children and 17 children with increased likelihood of later autism diagnosis without auditory or visual impairments, including those who are minimally or nonspeaking and/or have intellectual disabilities. The success rate in gathering data among children with autism was 92.68%. 3 of 41 children failed to complete the play-session, resulting in an 86.36% success rate among 1–4-year-olds and a 100.00% success rate among 5–8-year-olds. 1 of 17 children with increased likelihood of later autism diagnosis failed to complete the play-session, resulting in a success rate of 94.11%. There were numerous “challenging” behaviors relevant to the method. The most common challenging behaviors included taking the eye-tracking device off, elopement, and becoming distressed. Overall, among children with autism, 88.8% of 1–4-year-olds and 29.4% of 5–8-year-olds exhibited at least one challenging behavior. Conclusions Research capitalizing on this methodology has the potential to reveal early, socially-mediated gaze behaviors that are relevant for autism screening, diagnosis, and intervention purposes. We hope that our efforts in documenting our study methodology will help researchers and clinicians effectively study early naturally-occuring gaze behaviors of children during non-experimental contexts across the spectrum and other developmental disabilities using head-mounted eye-tracking. Ultimately, such applications may increase the generalizability of results, better reflect the diversity of individual characteristics, and offer new ways in which this method can contribute to the field.

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Eye tracking in Child Computer Interaction: Challenges and opportunities

Cited by 12 publications

References 99 publications

‘Lots done, more to do’: The current state of interaction design and children research and future directions

‘Lots done, more to do’: The current state of interaction design and children research and future directions

Using Eye Tracking to Understand the Fidelity Effect when Evaluating Low-Fidelity Prototypes with Children

Conducting head-mounted eye-tracking research with young children with autism and children with increased likelihood of later autism diagnosis

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