Eyeball Retraction: Classical Conditioning and Extinction in the Albino Rabbit

Deaux, Edward; Gormezano, I.

doi:10.1126/science.141.3581.630

Cited by 39 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…The eyeblink reflex in the rabbit is a coordinated response involving simultaneous and perfectly correlated external eyelid closure, eyeball retraction, and resulting passive extension of the nictitating membrane (NM; Gormezano et al 1962;Schneiderman et al 1962;Deaux and Gormezano 1963;McCormick et al 1982c). It is but one adaptive response with several components.…”

Section: The Ur Pathwaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neural Substrates of Eyeblink Conditioning: Acquisition and Retention

Christian¹,

Thompson²

2003

Learn. Mem.

564

473

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Classical conditioning of the eyeblink reflex to a neutral stimulus that predicts an aversive stimulus is a basic form of associative learning. Acquisition and retention of this learned response require the cerebellum and associated sensory and motor pathways and engage several other brain regions including the hippocampus, neocortex, neostriatum, septum, and amygdala. The cerebellum and its associated circuitry form the essential neural system for delay eyeblink conditioning. Trace eyeblink conditioning, a learning paradigm in which the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli are noncontiguous, requires both the cerebellum and the hippocampus and exhibits striking parallels to declarative memory formation in humans. Identification of the neural structures critical to the development and maintenance of the conditioned eyeblink response is an essential precursor to the investigation of the mechanisms responsible for the formation of these associative memories. In this review, we describe the evidence used to identify the neural substrates of classical eyeblink conditioning and potential mechanisms of memory formation in critical regions of the hippocampus and cerebellum. Addressing a central goal of behavioral neuroscience, exploitation of this simple yet robust model of learning and memory has yielded one of the most comprehensive descriptions to date of the physical basis of a learned behavior in mammals.

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Section: The Ur Pathwaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neural Substrates of Eyeblink Conditioning: Acquisition and Retention

Christian¹,

Thompson²

2003

Learn. Mem.

564

473

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…It is controlled via the oculomotor nuclei, which are also involved in eyelid movement, a response that has been extensively studied using classical conditioning techniques. Although eye movement has occasionally been studied as a classically conditioned response (Deaux and Gormezano, 1963;Zikmund, 1964), operant conditioning of eye movement has not previously been reported. Operant conditioning of this response is of interest, particularly if low rates can be brought under control by a schedule, such as differential reinforcement of low rate (DRL), (Skinner and Morse, 1958;Wilson and Keller, 1953), in which only those responses which terminate interresponse times longer than some particular value (the DRL value) effects of different rates of wakeful eye movement on rapid eye movements occurring during subsequent, low-voltage, fast-wave electroencephalographic (EEG) sleep (Meier and Berger, 1965); these effects will be reported elsewhere.…”

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confidence: 99%

OPERANT CONDITIONING OF EYE MOVEMENT IN THE MONKEY (Macaca nemestrina)¹

Berger

1968

J Exper Analysis Behavior

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With the horizontal electrooculographic potential as the operant, four monkeys (Macaca nemestrina) were conditioned to move their eyes at high and low rates by initial use of fixedratio schedules of reinforcement, followed by a changeover to multiple schedules of fixed-ratio reinforcement and discriminated differential reinforcement of low rate. These differences in rate of eye movement were not observed in a control animal given the same patterns of discriminative stimuli and deliveries of the reinforcing agent independent of its eye movements.Eye movement is a response which can be considered to occupy an intermediate position between involuntary and voluntary responses. It is controlled via the oculomotor nuclei, which are also involved in eyelid movement, a response that has been extensively studied using classical conditioning techniques. Although eye movement has occasionally been studied as a classically conditioned response (Deaux and Gormezano, 1963;Zikmund, 1964), operant conditioning of eye movement has not previously been reported. Operant conditioning of this response is of interest, particularly if low rates can be brought under control by a schedule, such as differential reinforcement of low rate (DRL), (Skinner and Morse, 1958;Wilson and Keller, 1953), in which only those responses which terminate interresponse times longer than some particular value (the DRL value) are reinforced. This might seem difficult for a response such as eye movement, in view of its partly involuntary nature and its high normal rate of occurrence compared with most skeletal responses.

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“…Levinthal (1973) proposed that, for the eyelid response and the nictitating membrane response, an eye-widening OR might act antagonistically to the respective CR, during the portion of the CS-US interval in which an OR would occur. Recent studies (Cegavske, Thompson, Patterson, & Gormezano, 1976;Marek, McMaster, Gormezano, & Harvey, 1984), however, have reevaluated what was thought to be a close interconnection between the nictitating membrane and eyelid (Deaux & Gormezano, 1963;Last, 1961). The recent studies have concluded, on the basis of musculature and neural innervation, that the nictitatingmembrane response is uniphasic and separate from that of the outer eyelids.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%