“…The main advantages of 3D integration over 2D implementation are in high device density, novel integration opportunities, optimal routing, lower power needs per device, and shortened global interconnections. Two of the more recent wafer-scale 3D integration technology approaches include a 'sequential processing,' an approach where silicon device layer is grown, crystallized or transferred onto a host substrate with completed circuits [ 1,3,6,7], and 'parallel processing,' where the wafers are independently fabricated in parallel and integrated in the back-end by wafer bonding [2, 4, 51. The main deficiency in 3D sequential processing is the requirement of high thermal budget fabrication steps to complete the circuits subsequent to the creation of the upper silicon layer.…”