Fabrication and characterization of 3D complex hydroxyapatite scaffolds with hierarchical porosity of different features for optimal bioactive performance

Biological properties of calcium phosphate biomaterials for bone repair: a review

“…38,39 A common way to obtain a porous structure in calcium phosphate is by the sacricial template method. During this method, slurry is absorbed into a porous template (such as polyurethane sponge [91][92][93] or micron/nano-sized graphite 94 ) with desired porosity, then it is dried into a solid template for a certain time, followed by sintering the template until it is burnt away, leaving the desired porous structure.…”

Porous hydroxyapatite scaffolds fabricated from nano-sized powder via honeycomb extrusion

“…This approach can in its simplest form be combined with dense ceramic fabrication processes, for example powder compaction techniques, to generate porous structures. In addition, porogens have been utilised in conjunction with other porous fabrication techniques, such as freeze-casting [205] and additive manufacturing [206], to further tailor the pore morphology, including pore sizes and interconnectivity. Examples of were porogens have been used are tabulated in Table 2-5.…”

Porous hydroxyapatite‐bioactive glass hybrid scaffolds fabricated via ceramic honeycomb extrusion

“…The mode of fracturing was mixed in all samples, consisting of both inter‐ and transgranular fractures. Furthermore, a highly micro‐porous morphology was descried, with pore sizes of < 10 μm, which can facilitate protein adsorption . The micrographs revealed small sintering necks had formed between adjacent HA grains in the BG samples sintered at 1200°C.…”