“…In these FOSPR sensors, SPR on the outer surface of the metal film is excited by the principle of total internal reflection in fiber, enabling the realtime and highly sensitive detection of the ambient surroundings by demodulation of the optical signals such as wavelength, the intensity around the resonance wavelength, and others [9]. Moreover, various functional materials such as nanoparticles [10,11], multilayer metal/dielectric layers [12,13], graphene [14,15], and polymers [16] are integrated on the surface of FOSPR sensors to improve their sensitivity and tunability, further expanding their practical applications. In addition, tilted fiber Bragg grating SPR sensors [17][18][19], as another common FOSPR sensor, can achieve SPR on the outer surface of metal film without removing cladding by the diffraction effect of tilted grating, exhibiting a wide range of applications in various detection fields such as disease biomarkers, heavy metal pollution, and the like.…”