Fabrication of Agglomerates from Secondary Raw Materials Reinforced with Paper Fibres by Stamp Pressing Process

Echterhof, Thomas; Willms, Thomas; Preiss, Stefan; Aula, Matti; Abdelrahim, Ahmed; Fabritius, Timo; Mombelli, Davide; Mapelli, Carlo; Steinlechner, Stefan; Unamuno, I.

doi:10.3390/app9193946

Cited by 6 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…In compression tests, researchers determine the strength of briquettes after curing durations that could vary from 1 to 28 days after production. [16][17][18] The number of tested briquette samples and acceptable strengths also varies; Richards [19] reported that industrial briquettes should have a minimum compression strength of 350 kPa, which corresponds to the maximum stress that takes place during the loader bucket filling, while Kumar et al [20] suggested a minimum strength of 100 kg/briquette. López and López-Delgado [21] evaluated the mechanical properties of briquettes through tumbler testing based on ISO standards.…”

Section: Handling and Charging Of Eaf Burden Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Suitability of Self‐Reducing and Slag‐Forming Briquettes for Electric Arc Furnace Use Based on Laboratory Tests

Abdelrahim

Aula

Iljana

et al. 2021

steel research int.

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The in‐plant recycling routes of side streams produced in electric arc furnace (EAF) steelmaking remain underexplored. Briquetting is an attractive technique to enable their recycle. Briquettes introduced into EAF must possess certain mechanical and chemical properties. However, no standard is available to determine the suitability of briquettes used in the EAF process. Herein, eight side streams are characterized, and used to produce seven different briquettes to be used in EAF. Briquettes tested consist of four self‐reducing briquettes and three slag‐forming briquettes produced using different recipes. The briquettes are subjected to several mechanical and thermal tests which reflect their intended use in EAF. The mechanical tests include compression and drop tests, and the thermal tests include optical dilatometry, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)–derivative thermogravimetry (DTG)–mass spectrometry (MS), and full‐scale briquette reduction tests. Moreover, melting trials are performed to assess the melting behavior of selected briquettes and their interaction with slag. Suitability of briquettes characteristics is assessed based on values from the literature and against reference ferroalloys and lime stones used in one of the steel plants. Two briquettes are deemed suitable for EAF use, while three briquettes are deemed unsuitable, and two briquettes are considered of limited use.

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Section: Handling and Charging Of Eaf Burden Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Suitability of Self‐Reducing and Slag‐Forming Briquettes for Electric Arc Furnace Use Based on Laboratory Tests

Abdelrahim

Aula

Iljana

et al. 2021

steel research int.

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“…Tests with fibers from paper recycling to increase the strength of the briquettes were also done. [22] The results of the pre-tests led to the decision to use starch as binders for the briquettes, and recycled fibers from paper production to increase the strength of the briquettes. Table 2 shows the recipes for the laboratory production of the briquettes.…”

Section: Manufacture Of Briquettesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, different agglomeration parameters were tested including pressing force and time, different clearances between the mold and the upper stamp, aging condition and additives such as CaCO 3 , bentonite, SiO 2 and sodium silicate hardener used with sodium silicate binder. Tests with fibers from paper recycling to increase the strength of the briquettes were also done [22].…”

Section: Manufacture Of Briquettesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation on the Chemical and Thermal Behavior of Recycling Agglomerates from EAF by-Products

et al. 2020

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In addition to the blast furnace converter route, electric steel production in the electric arc furnace (EAF) is one of the two main production routes for crude steel. In 2019, the global share of crude steel produced via the electric steel route was 28%, which in numbers is 517 million metric tons of crude steel. The production and processing of steel leads to the output of a variety of by-products, such as dusts, fines, sludges and scales. At the moment, 10–67% of these by-products are landfilled and not recycled. These by-products contain metal oxides and minerals including iron oxide, zinc oxide, magnesia or alumina. Apart from the wasted valuable materials, the restriction of landfill space and stricter environmental laws are additional motivations to avoid landfill. The aim of the Fines2EAF project, funded by the European Research Fund for Coal and Steel, is to develop a low-cost and flexible solution for the recycling of fines, dusts, slags and scales from electric steel production. During this project, an easy, on-site solution for the agglomeration of fine by-products from steel production has to be developed from lab scale to pilot production for industrial tests in steel plants. The solution is based on the stamp press as the central element of the agglomeration process. The stamp press provides the benefit of being easily adapted to different raw materials and different pressing parameters, such as pressing-force and -speed, or mold geometry. Further benefits are that the stamp press process requires less binding material than the pelletizing process, and that no drying process is required as is the case with the pelletizing process. Before advancing the agglomeration of by-products via stamp press to an industrial scale, different material recipes are produced in lab-scale experiments and the finished agglomerates are tested for their use as secondary raw materials in the EAF. Therefore, the tests focus on the chemical and thermal behavior of the agglomerates. Chemical behavior, volatilization and reduction behavior of the agglomerates were investigated by differential thermogravimetric analysis combined with mass spectroscopy (TGA-MS). In addition, two melts with different agglomerates are carried out in a technical-scale electric arc furnace to increase the sample size.

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“…For economic reasons, metallurgical plants strive to recycle these materials [ 8 ]. Interesting research work is presented in papers [ 9 , 10 , 11 ] on the utilization of waste materials from steel production in electric furnaces. The main assumption of the work was to develop a technology that can be easily implemented “in situ”, i.e., in the conditions of an operating steel plant producing this waste.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The main assumption of the work was to develop a technology that can be easily implemented “in situ”, i.e., in the conditions of an operating steel plant producing this waste. Moreover, in the work of [ 9 ] a method of cementless production of briquettes with the use of fibers from paper recycling as binder was developed that showed a strong effect on the cold compression stability of the agglomerates, by far exceeding other effects such as an increased pressing force.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Research on Reduction of Selected Iron-Bearing Waste Materials

et al. 2021

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During the steel production process, nearly twice as many input materials are used as compared to finished products. This creates a large amount of post-production waste, including slag, dust, and sludge. New iron production technologies enable the reuse and recycling of metallurgical waste. This paper presents an investigation on the reduction of selected iron-bearing waste materials in a laboratory rotary furnace. Iron-bearing waste materials in the form of dust, scale, and sludge were obtained from several Polish metallurgical plants as research material. A chemical analysis made it possible to select samples with sufficiently high iron content for testing. The assumed iron content limit in waste materials was 40 wt.% Fe. A sieve analysis of the samples used in the subsequent stages of the research was also performed. The tests carried out with the use of a CO as a reducer, at a temperature of 1000 °C, allowed to obtain high levels of metallization of the samples for scale 91.6%, dust 66.9%, and sludge 97.3%. These results indicate that in the case of sludge and scale, the degree of metallization meets the requirements for charge materials used in both blast furnace (BF) and electric arc furnace (EAF) steelmaking processes, while in the case of reduced dust, this material can be used as enriched charge in the blast furnace process. Reduction studies were also carried out using a gas mixture of CO and H2 (50 vol.% CO + 50 vol.% H2). The introduction of hydrogen as a reducing agent in reduction processes meets the urgent need of reducing CO2 emissions. The obtained results confirm the great importance and influence of the selection of the right amount of reducer on the achievement of a high degree of metallization and that these materials can be a valuable source of metallic charge for blast furnace and steelmaking processes. At an earlier stage of the established research program, experiments of the iron oxides reduction from iron-bearing waste materials in a stationary layer in a Tammann furnace were also conducted.

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Fabrication of Agglomerates from Secondary Raw Materials Reinforced with Paper Fibres by Stamp Pressing Process

Cited by 6 publications

References 5 publications

Suitability of Self‐Reducing and Slag‐Forming Briquettes for Electric Arc Furnace Use Based on Laboratory Tests

Suitability of Self‐Reducing and Slag‐Forming Briquettes for Electric Arc Furnace Use Based on Laboratory Tests

Investigation on the Chemical and Thermal Behavior of Recycling Agglomerates from EAF by-Products

Research on Reduction of Selected Iron-Bearing Waste Materials

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