“…Researchers have synthesised hydroxyapatite using different techniques, such as hydrothermal synthesis, precipitation, and hydrolysis, as well as employing natural resources, like bovine bones [ 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 ], fish bones [ 41 , 42 , 43 ], marine shells [ 44 , 45 , 46 ], and eggshells [ 45 , 47 , 48 , 49 ]). Historically, the usage of xenogeneic bone, like Kiel bone (actual bone harvested from calf or ox) and Boplant (actual bone harvested from a calf) in biomedical applications, were thought to be the alternate to auto- or homografts, mainly due to limited supply of grafts, site morbidity, and the difficulty/expense of multiple surgical processes [ 22 ].…”