Fabrication of novel kaolin-reinforced hydroxyapatite scaffolds with robust compressive strengths for bone regeneration

Experimental data on the characterization of hydroxyapatite produced from a novel mixture of biowastes

“…The oval, spherical, and rod-like shapes evident in the samples can be attributed to carbonate, and hydroxyapatite. The architecture of the pores and relative densification observed from the images have an influence on the characteristics of the samples [ [3] , [4] , [5] , [16] , [17] , [18] , [19] , [20] , [21] , [22] , [23] ]. The XRF analysis carried out on all the five samples as shown in Table 1 reveal the characteristic concentration of typical oxides of CaO, P 2 O 5 , ZnO, and MgO etc.…”

“…The low fracture toughness values for all the samples with the highest being 0.07 MPa•m 1/2 for the C100 sample could be as a result of the low compaction pressure (500 Pa) used in pelletizing the samples and relatively low sintering temperature. Higher sintering temperature has proven to be beneficial for increased mechanical properties of pelletized ceramic pellets [16] , [17] , [18] , [19] , [20] , [21] , [22] , [23] .

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Trends in the Development of Hydroxyapatite From Natural Sources for Biomedical Applications

“…The extraction of HAp from natural sources particularly with interests in animal bone and catfish bone wastes was reported by our group [2], [5], [6], [11]- [18]. The usual step was with a pre-treatment approach of the bones by washing off dirt, fatty-proteinaceous matter, and cholesterol from the surfaces of the bones/precursors under running water.…”

“…[3]. The trend in the development of hydroxyapatite from natural sources now saves the environment from solid waste pollution which may likely lead to land degradation [2], [4], and the effective utilization of these natural sources in HAp synthesis through environmentally friendly processes, now creates value addition from hitherto waste products [5]- [18]. HAp has been successfully devised as grafts for hard and soft tissues, and for drug transport systems.…”

“…The excellent resemblance in the biochemical configuration of HAp with that of the human bone minerals makes them very useful in orthopaedics and odontology, and their ability to maintain a thermodynamically stable crystalline state within their host tissue can be attributed to their interfacial stability and good adhesion potentials which rapidly leads to osseointegration [20]. Literature studies have reported and shown that HAp does not result in any inflammatory, toxic, or carcinogenic reactions to the host tissues surrounding it [1], [2], [5]- [18], [21], [22]. More so, it promotes osteoblast proliferation, osteointegration and forms a direct bond between an implant and the newly formed bone tissue when used in maxillofacial orthopaedic and dental applications [23].…”