Factors Associated with Mild Cognitive Impairment among Elderly Filipinos with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Abstract

Objectives. This study aims to identify factors associated with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) among elderly Filipinos with Type 2 diabetes mellitus.Methodology. This is an analytic cross-sectional study involving 133 elderly (≥60 years old) with Type 2 diabetes mellitus consecutively sampled from the General Medicine and Diabetes Clinics of the Philippine General Hospital. Eligible subjects were interviewed to gather demographic and clinical data. Body mass index, waist-hip ratio and mean blood pressure were computed. HBA1c, lipid profile, creatinine and urine proteinuria were tested or recorded if done recently. Dilated fundus examination via indirect ophthalmoscopy and 10-gram monofilament test were performed to detect retinopathy and neuropathy. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment-Philippines tool was administered to detect patients with probable MCI using a cutoff score of ≤21. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the associated factors.Results. Using MoCA-P tool, MCI has a rate of 45% among elderly Filipino diabetics. Having more than 12 years of education is significantly associated with lower odds of MCI. (OR 0.38 CI 0.18, 0.80, p value 0.010).Conclusion. The rate of MCI among Filipino elderly diabetics is high. Higher education is associated with lower odds of having MCI. Case-control or prospective cohort studies involving larger sample and non-diabetic population are recommended.

Occurrence of mild cognitive impairment with hyperinsulinaemia in Africans with advanced type 2 diabetes mellitus

“…We have reported MCI to be associated with level of education among both the diabetics and non-diabetics, and also with gender among the non-diabetics. This is in tandem with the findings of Blanquisco et al (2017) who reported that having 12 years of education was significantly associated with lower risk of MCI in Filipinos with T2DM. MCI correlated with age, weight and BMI in our study.…”

“…The average total cognitive performance scores were lower among the diabetics and portrayed them to have MCI in contrast with the non-diabetics who had higher cognitive scores and normal cognition. This prevalence is higher than reported in other studies conducted among Dutch ( Groeneveld et al, 2018 ), Filipino (45%) ( Blanquisco et al, 2017 ), Korean (31.5%) ( Lee et al, 2014 ), Polish (32.7%) ( Gorska-Ciebiada et al, 2014 ) and Chinese (9.9%) ( Xiu et al, 2019 ) individuals with T2DM. Prevalence rates differ among populations due to differences in age of the studied populations, assessment tools and cut-off scores used, and also cultural differences.…”

Cognitive Impairment and Associated Factors among Older Adults with Diabetes in a Suburban Primary Health Center in Thailand

“…The prevalence of cognitive impairment in older Thai adults with diabetes in this study was high (54.5%) compared to other studies worldwide which varied widely from 9.1% to 45% [17, 19, 21, 25-27, 31, 34]. The cause might be the disparity in sensitivity for detecting cognitive impairment of each cognitive assessment tool or the differences in the sociodemographic and health characteristics of the study population.…”

“…Potentially associated factors of cognitive impairment were included in the multivariate logistic re-gression model to calculate the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs. All factors were chosen according to previously published studies including gender [17], age [10,[18][19][20][21][22][23], level of education [9,10,[17][18][19][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29], monthly income [28], hobbies [30], comorbidities [9,26,28,31], polypharmacy (used 5 or more concurrent medications) [32], and ability to self-manage medication [33]. All statistical tests were two-sided, and p value <0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.…”

“…Previous literature explained that aging brain causes alteration in neuronal structure without neuronal death; it causes loss of synapses and dysfunction of neuronal networks correlated with cognitive decline [39]. In terms of education, most evidence from previous studies revealed that low level of education was associated with an increased likelihood of developing cognitive impairment [9,10,[17][18][19][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29]. Researchers have referred to cognitive reserve hypothesis.…”