Family policies and gender in Hungary, Poland, and Romania

Fodor, Éva; Glass, Christy; Kawachi, Janette; Popescu, Livia

doi:10.1016/s0967-067x(02)00030-2

Cited by 92 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…As is typical of a socialist policy, gender segregation in the labour market and gender gaps in wages remains intact; the only difference is a significant decrease in female employment that began in 1990 (Steinhilber, 2006). New policies restricting eligibility for family and maternity benefits have begun to encroach on the reconciliation of work and family (Balcerzak-Paradowska et al, 2003;Fodor et al, 2002;Plomien, 2009). Although women continue to be better educated in comparison with men, their entry into the labour market remains more difficult (Fuszara, 2000), causing increasing levels of employment (Balcerzak-Paradowska et al, 2003) and contributing to the process of feminisation of poverty in Poland (Tarkowska, 2002).In contrast, new spaces of activism that were opened by the neo-liberal market offer hope to women, particularly at the community level (Hardy et al, 2008).…”

Section: Women In Polandmentioning

confidence: 99%

Proud to be a woman: Womanhood, old age, and emotions

Wilińska

2016

Journal of Women & Aging

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This paper takes its starting point in the discussions regarding intersecting discourses of gender and age and the lived experience of older women. The main objective is to discuss the experience of womanhood among older women and to demonstrate their active role in creating spaces for themselves and their friends, and affecting each other. The study is based on narrative interviews with female members of the University of the Third Age (U3A). The main findings describe older women who actively engage with discourses of gender to embark on positive constructions of womanhood. They create their own spaces for women's activism that are filled with positive emotions mobilized to support each other. This paper discusses such findings and their relevance to the study of old age and gender. As a result, it serves as an invitation to think and feel differently about older women and their experience of womanhood.

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Section: Women In Polandmentioning

confidence: 99%

Proud to be a woman: Womanhood, old age, and emotions

Wilińska

2016

Journal of Women & Aging

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“…Under communism, it was clearly the first: parental leave in CEE countries can in principle be taken by either parent, but men's participation remains negligible: often less than 1 per cent (UNICEF, 1999). Now greater insecurity of work makes it more difficult for either parent to use entitlements (Fodor et al, 2002). Sweden since 1975 has offered leave to either parent, with generous and flexible benefits, and, again, has mainly encouraged women's labour market participation.…”

Section: Care Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emerging Gender Regimes and Policies for Gender Equality in a Wider Europe

Pascall

Lewis²

2004

J. Soc. Pol.

230

186

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This article addresses some implications for gender equality and gender policy at European and national levels of transformations in family, economy and polity, which challenge gender regimes across Europe. Women's labour market participation in the west and the collapse of communism in the east have undermined the systems and assumptions of western male breadwinner and dual worker models of central and eastern Europe. Political reworking of the work/welfare relationship into active welfare has individualised responsibility. Individualisation is a key trend west − and in some respects east − and challenges the structures that supported care in state and family. The links that joined men to women, cash to care, incomes to carers have all been fractured. The article will argue that care work and unpaid care workers are both casualties of these developments. Social, political and economic changes have not been matched by the development of new gender models at the national level. And while EU gender policy has been admired as the most innovative aspect of its social policy, gender equality is far from achieved: women's incomes across Europe are well below men's; policies for supporting unpaid care work have developed modestly compared with labour market activation policies. Enlargement brings new challenges as it draws together gender regimes with contrasting histories and trajectories. The article will map social policies for gender equality across the key elements of gender regimes -paid work, care work, income, time and voice -and discuss the nature of a model of gender equality that would bring gender equality across these. It analyses ideas about a dual earner-dual carer model, in the Dutch combination scenario and 'universal caregiver' models, at household and civil society levels. These offer a starting point for a model in which paid and unpaid work are equally valued and equally shared between men and women, but we argue that a citizenship model, in which paid and unpaid work obligations are underpinned by social rights, is more likely to achieve gender equality.

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“…Although the total fertility rate was higher in East compared to West Germany during state socialism due to pro-natalist policies (Fodor et al 2002;Kreyenfeld 2004), higher-parity families were more common in West Germany (Goldstein et al 2010). If strong family formation transmission results from high-parity family structure during childhood, then intergenerational transmission of family formation is expected to be stronger in West Germany.…”

Section: If the Central Mode Of Family Formation Transmission Occurs mentioning

confidence: 99%