Farmed deer: new domestic animals defined by controlled breeding

Fletcher, Thea

doi:10.1071/rd01094

Cited by 20 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…In this study, we concentrated on the exploration of the effect of free radicals in washed spermatozoa obtained from the epididymides of red deer. There have been many advancements in the application of artificial reproductive techniques in red deer, due to the interest as domestic and game species [20,21]. Our group has contributed with the development of cryopreservation protocols for postmortem samples [22][23][24][25][26] and for semen obtained by electroejaculation [27,28].…”

Section: U N C O R R E C T E D P R O O Fmentioning

confidence: 99%

Washing increases the susceptibility to exogenous oxidative stress in red deer spermatozoa

et al. 2009

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The effects of routine sperm work are often overlooked. We assessed the effect of washing cryopreserved epididymal spermatozoa from red deer (Cervus elaphus hispanicus, Helzheimer 1909). After thawing, epididymal samples (four stags) were diluted in TALP-HEPES. A split was left untouched, another was centrifuged (300 x g, 5 min) and resuspended, and a third was centrifuged and the supernatant substituted by fresh TALP-HEPES (washing). Each split was supplemented either with nothing, 1mM of the antioxidant Trolox, 100 microM of the oxidant Fe (with ascorbate), or both. The 3x4 treatments were incubated at 37 degrees C and assessed each hour up to 3h for motility (computer-aided sperm assessment) and viability/apoptosis plus mitochondrial status (YO-PRO-1, propidium iodide, Mitotracker Deep Red; flow cytometry). DNA damage at 4h was assessed using the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling assay. Centrifugation alone affected neither sperm quality nor DNA, and the oxidant had no effect in control or centrifuged samples. Washed samples were not different than control, but oxidant decreased motility, mitochondrial status and viability, and altered the motility subpopulation pattern, being partially suppressed by Trolox. Spermatozoa with damaged DNA dramatically increased in the washed-oxidized sample (from 22.30+/-3.52% to 67.94+/-5.07%), but not when antioxidant was present. Although samples from different males behaved similarly, male-to-male variability was detected regarding susceptibility to oxidative damage after washing. We concluded that, although red deer thawed spermatozoa seemed resilient to centrifugation, the vulnerability to oxidative stress after washing makes it advisable to supplement manipulation media with antioxidants, especially taking into account male-to-male variability.

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Section: U N C O R R E C T E D P R O O Fmentioning

confidence: 99%

Washing increases the susceptibility to exogenous oxidative stress in red deer spermatozoa

et al. 2009

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“…If one excludes reindeer, red deer and their hybrids with wapiti/elk are by far the most widely farmed species. In New Zealand, there are now approximately 2.6 million farmed deer, of which 85% are red deer and the balance hybrid red deer (Fletcher 2001); there are also small numbers of farmed fallow deer. During 2000, this industry exported deer products worth US$81 million, of which venison contributed US$60 million and velvet US$11 million; the balance was made up of hides and other by-products (Fletcher 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In New Zealand, there are now approximately 2.6 million farmed deer, of which 85% are red deer and the balance hybrid red deer (Fletcher 2001); there are also small numbers of farmed fallow deer. During 2000, this industry exported deer products worth US$81 million, of which venison contributed US$60 million and velvet US$11 million; the balance was made up of hides and other by-products (Fletcher 2001). Demand for New Zealand farmed venison was exceptionally high in Europe in 2001 and the New Zealand deer farmer experienced prices 35% higher than at the same time in 2000, and 63% higher than in 1999 (Fletcher 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…During 2000, this industry exported deer products worth US$81 million, of which venison contributed US$60 million and velvet US$11 million; the balance was made up of hides and other by-products (Fletcher 2001). Demand for New Zealand farmed venison was exceptionally high in Europe in 2001 and the New Zealand deer farmer experienced prices 35% higher than at the same time in 2000, and 63% higher than in 1999 (Fletcher 2001). These figures are especially impressive given that this industry has been developed entirely in the last 35 years in a nation of only 3.5 million people, and receiving no agricultural support.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Application of Reproductive Technologies to Natural Populations of Red Deer

Garde

Martínez‐Pastor

Gomendio

et al. 2006

Reprod Domestic Animals

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Over the past decade, there has been increasing interest in the application of reproductive technology to the conservation and management of natural populations of deer. The application of assisted reproduction technologies within natural population of deer is in its infancy. However, its future potential is enormous, particularly in relation to genetic management or conservation. This paper reviews the present state of such technologies for a wild subspecies of red deer, the Iberian red deer (Cervus elaphus hispanicus), by discussing the major components of oestrous synchronization, semen collection/cryopreservation and insemination techniques. In addition, findings made during the course of studies on natural populations have enormous potential for the understanding of novel reproductive mechanism that may not be uncovered by livestock or human studies. A summary of these results are also reviewed here.

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“…This topic will be by analysed considering venison, the meat from hunting and managed deer, which humans have been eating for many more centuries than either beef or lamb and which was the basis of meat diets in Europe for at least 5000 years and in some areas up to 50,000 years (Fletcher, 2001). In comparison with beef and sheep meat, venison has several advantages, that should be carefully considered and used in competitive marketing programs.…”

Section: On-farm Factors Affecting the Production Of Quality Meatmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wild Ungulate Farming Systems and Product Quality

Piasentier

Bovolenta

Viliani³

2005

Vet Res Commun

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FARMING SYSTEMSWild ungulate farming-that of red deer, fallow deer, roe deer, moufflon, and wild boar-in Italy is carried out with two main purposes: animal restocking and meat production. The first generally includes game for the restocking of shooting preserves (faunistico-venatorie and agri-turistico-venatorie private lands), since captive-reared ungulates should not be extensively used for reintroduction into the wild or restocking natural populations. Shooting preserves often comprise large enclosures, used both for raising wild ungulates and hunting them during the harvest season. The main product are adult males with high trophy merit, the value of which largely surpasses that of the meat, which is considered as a side-product. Wild ungulate farming for meat production started in the last decades (Rambotti, 1985), as an answer to well known agro-zootechnical issues (Lucifero, 1995).Restocking game is usually reared in fenced park-type settings with minimal input. Wild boar is generally kept in mono-specific stock, while the other species can be reared in mixed herds. Boundary fences ensure captivity of the animals, as law imposes for conservation of the genetic integrity of indigenous populations. Elevated platform stands inside the enclosure allow animal monitoring, obtaining information on their health status and behaviour, and are suitable for individual harvesting with guns firing injecting devices or bullets. Supplemental feed is occasionally provided, to remedy seasonal shortfalls of the range diet. This extensive husbandry system is suitable for less favoured areas, where wild ungulates can exploit scarce and poor available resources more efficiently than domestic animals.The prevalent meat farming system is semi-extensive. In fact, even if deer and wild boar are adaptable and respond well to intensive management, because of the climate and pastures and the pressure for land use, the intensive systems are not common in Italy, apart from local exceptions regarding farmed wild boar. In comparison with extensive systems, meat-producing husbandry requires specific inputs (fencing and handling systems, supplemental feed) and management programs, intended to meet the welfare requirements of farmed animals, ensure handler safety and maximise reproductive rates and weight gains, along with the production of consistently high quality products, in order to offset the relatively high fixed costs and attain maximum enterprise profitability. Property layout, 65

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Farmed deer: new domestic animals defined by controlled breeding

Cited by 20 publications

References 12 publications

Washing increases the susceptibility to exogenous oxidative stress in red deer spermatozoa

Washing increases the susceptibility to exogenous oxidative stress in red deer spermatozoa

The Application of Reproductive Technologies to Natural Populations of Red Deer

Wild Ungulate Farming Systems and Product Quality

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