Fast on-site screening of 3,4-methylenedioxyethylamphetamine (MDEA) in forensic samples using carbon screen-printed electrode and square wave voltammetry

Paraformaldehyde-coated electrochemical sensor for improved on-site detection of amphetamine in street samples

“…However, the direct electrochemical oxidation of AMP in aqueous media on carbon electrodes has proved to be complicated due to the high potentials required for primary amine oxidation [36][37][38]. Indeed, the on-site screening studies of other synthetic drugs such as 1-(3-chlorophenyl) piperazine (mCPP) [39] and 3,4-methylenedioxyethylamphetamine (MDEA) [40] reported no electroactivity for AMP (studied as an interferent) on carbon SPEs, which are highly suitable for this purpose thanks to their portability and low cost. Using borondoped diamond electrodes (BDDE), which offer a wide potential window, it was demonstrated by Teófilo et al [41] that the direct oxidation of AMP is possible in alkaline environment, while it is not detectable in acidic conditions [42].…”

Recent Advances on Electrochemical Sensors for Detection of Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs)

“…Methyl paraben, Ethyl paraben, Triclosan, Vanillin, Triclosan Toothpastes, lotions, fragrances, cosmetics, soaps, shampoos Endocrine effects, reproductive malfunctions [29], contact dermatitis, breast cancer [30], affects CNS [31] Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) Bisphenols (BPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), phthalate esters, alkylphenols, natural and synthetic estrogens BPA, BPS, Diethylstilbestrol, Estradiol, Phthalates Chemicals used as solvents or lubricants, their byproducts, plasticizers, electronic materials…”

“…MDEA has similar effects as that of MDMA. Fast, on-site detection of MDEA was made possible with an electrochemical sensor using a Carbon-Screen Printed Electrode (C-SPE) which yielded a detection limit of 0.03 µmol L −1 and linear range of 2.5 to 30.0 µmol L −1 [30].…”

Electrochemical detection of mephedrone using a graphene screen-printed electrode: a new sensitive and selective approach to identify synthetic cathinones in forensic analysis

“…30,31 SPEs are the most used, mainly due to their simplicity of application and portability, and the small sample volume (50–100 μL) needed for analyte detection. SPEs have also been reported for the determination of several illicit drugs, 32–36 including some SCs, 20,21,37 with particular reference to MEP. 15,22,23,26 Although all these electrochemical methods have allowed fast and simple detection of MEP, they have been applied using only one of the electrochemical processes (oxidation or reduction) of SCs.…”

“…Moreover, to improve the sensitivity for electrochemical detection, the adsorptive stripping voltammetry (AdSV) technique has been reported for many applications, 42 such as in doping control 43,44 or forensic analysis. 21,33 The AdSV technique consists of two steps: (1) pre-accumulation of the analyte on the working electrode surface, which is due to an adsorption process (physical or chemical); (2) electrochemical detection of oxidation or reduction of the accumulated analyte on the electrode surface, which is commonly performed using a pulsed voltammetric technique, such as adsorptive stripping differential pulse voltammetry (AdSDPV).…”