Fate of Triclocarban (TCC) in aquatic and terrestrial systems and human exposure

Vimalkumar, Krishnamoorthi; Seethappan, Sangeetha; Pugazhendhi, Arivalagan

doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.04.145

Cited by 50 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 95 publications

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“…TCC has potential health risks in wildlife and humans. Several animal studies illustrate that it can cause various adverse effects, which can be monitored by antioxidant biomarkers (CAT, GST, and LPO) [25]. The first mechanism is a possible increase in intracellular oxidative stress, which could arise from a pathological increase in the production of oxyradicals (mainly H 2 O 2 , which is produced in mitochondria by dismutation of O 2 − ) through the cellular mitochondrial enzymatic complex chain [26].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physiological and biochemical effects of triclocarban stress on freshwater algae

Jin

et al. 2019

SN Appl. Sci.

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Triclocarban (TCC) is considered as a contaminant of emerging concern (CEC) and ranked in the top 10 CEC occurrence. TCC is a high-production-volume synthetic chemical used extensively in various personal care products. The heavy use and emission of TCC pose a serious threat to the environment. To evaluate its ecotoxicity, three freshwater algae were exposed to TCC at concentrations ranging from 0.500 to 16,000 mg/L to determine its growth inhibitory effects. Chlorophyll, malondialdehyde (MDA), antioxidant enzyme activities, and other indicators were used to analyze the mechanism underlying the toxic effect of TCC. With the 96-h median effective concentrations (EC 50) of TCC ranging from 5.445 to 10.220 mg/L, the three types of algae exhibited obvious toxic responses, of which Chlorella vulgaris was the most sensitive. The calculated 96-h EC 50 values of TCC were 8.474 mg/L, 9.100 mg/L, and 8.760 mg/L for C. vulgaris, Scenedesmus obliquus, and Chlorella pyrenoidosa, respectively. TCC decreased the chlorophyll content, increased the MDA content, decreased the peroxidase activity, and decreased superoxide dismutase activity in the three algae, indicating that the chemical can inhibit photosynthesis and destroy the activities of antioxidant enzymes in algae. Most of the indicators showed a positive correlation with the concentration of TCC.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physiological and biochemical effects of triclocarban stress on freshwater algae

Jin

et al. 2019

SN Appl. Sci.

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“…The potential health risks of TCS and TCC to human and animal health have been documented [ 26 , 27 , 28 ]. Recently, triclosan and triclocarban have gained attention because they have been considered to be an endocrine disruptor, which is capable of influencing reproductive functions [ 29 , 30 ]. These compounds are also considered to be emerging endocrine disruptors, which have the potential to cause health-related issues such as immune dysfunction, affect human reproductive outcomes [ 10 , 31 , 32 ], and are toxic to aquatic organisms such as algae, fish, and invertebrates [ 33 , 34 , 35 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence and Fate of Triclosan and Triclocarban in Selected Wastewater Systems across Durban Metropolis, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

Bakare

Adeyinka

2022

IJERPH

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Triclosan (TCS) and triclocarban (TCC) are antimicrobial agents that have been used in personal care and consumer products in the past decades. In this study, influent, effluent, and sludge samples collected in selected wastewater treatment plants across the Durban metropolis were qualitatively and quantitatively investigated. It was revealed that the concentration of TCS ranged from 1.906 to 73.462 µg/L, from 1.732 to 6.980 µg/L, and from 0.138 to 2.455 µg/kg in influent, effluent, and sludge samples, respectively. The concentrations of TCC were found to be between 0.320 and 45.261 µg/L, <LOQ–1.103 µg/L, and from 0.107 to 8.827 µg/kg in the influent, effluent, and sludge samples, respectively. Higher concentrations of TCS as compared with TCC were observed in the aqueous samples. However, the concentrations of TCC in the sludge samples were significantly higher than the level of TCS. More water solubility of TCS could be responsible for the observed trend in the influent and effluent samples, while the trend observed in the sludge could be due to the more hydrophobicity character of TCC. The results of this study indicated that substantial amounts of TCS and TCC are been removed during the treatment process which could be a major reason for the decline in the levels recorded in the effluent samples, therefore, reducing the amount of the TCS and TCC that would eventually end up in the surface rivers. Qualitative analyses of the samples indicated the presence of caffeine, tert-butylhydroquinone, chloroxylenol, phenol, 4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethyl butyl), and dimethyl-bisphenol A. Further investigative ecological risk assessment studies are crucial due to the potential threat the contaminants may pose to aquatic lives and humans.

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“…Many studies have reported the occurrence of TCC and its intermediates in wastewater effluent, surface water, biosolid, sediment and soil [ 31 , 32 ]. TCC is ranked, in fact, in the top 10 Contaminant of Emerging Concern (CEC) occurrence [ 31 , 33 , 34 ]. Once conveyed to wastewater treatment plants, PPCPs can remain unchanged or undergo a partial or complete transformation during wastewater treatment processes before being discharged into the environment via effluent and biosolids for land application.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Different Facets of Triclocarban: A Review

et al. 2021

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In the late 1930s and early 1940s, it was discovered that the substitution on aromatic rings of hydrogen atoms with chlorine yielded a novel chemistry of antimicrobials. However, within a few years, many of these compounds and formulations showed adverse effects, including human toxicity, ecotoxicity, and unwanted environmental persistence and bioaccumulation, quickly leading to regulatory bans and phase-outs. Among these, the triclocarban, a polychlorinated aromatic antimicrobial agent, was employed as a major ingredient of toys, clothing, food packaging materials, food industry floors, medical supplies, and especially of personal care products, such as soaps, toothpaste, and shampoo. Triclocarban has been widely used for over 50 years, but only recently some concerns were raised about its endocrine disruptive properties. In September 2016, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration banned its use in over-the-counter hand and body washes because of its toxicity. The withdrawal of triclocarban has prompted the efforts to search for new antimicrobial compounds and several analogues of triclocarban have also been studied. In this review, an examination of different facets of triclocarban and its analogues will be analyzed.

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Fate of Triclocarban (TCC) in aquatic and terrestrial systems and human exposure

Cited by 50 publications

References 95 publications

Physiological and biochemical effects of triclocarban stress on freshwater algae

Physiological and biochemical effects of triclocarban stress on freshwater algae

Occurrence and Fate of Triclosan and Triclocarban in Selected Wastewater Systems across Durban Metropolis, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

The Different Facets of Triclocarban: A Review

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