“…The methods applied include infrared (IR) spectroscopy, , Raman spectroscopy, , optical coherence tomography, and measurement of tissue metabolic heat conformation; however, none are currently proven to be useful clinically . In addition, several in vivo sensing approaches have been proposed, including fluorescence spectroscopy, , surface plasmon resonance of nanoparticles, , electrical impedance measurements, and implantable/subcutaneous amperometric glucose sensors . Among these, only subcutaneous electrochemical glucose sensors are available commercially, although frequent calibration, short in vivo lifetimes, limited accuracy, and high cost have prevented their widespread use …”