Fecundity of volunteer oilseed rape and estimation of potential gene dispersal by a practice-related model

Gruber, Sabine; Claupein, Wilhelm

doi:10.1016/j.agee.2006.08.007

Cited by 33 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…The first examines the persistence of transgenic volunteer B. napus populations in fields (Begg et al 2006), while the second describes the spatial population dynamics of feral B. napus outside agricultural fields (Crawley and Brown 2004). A fifth model, developed in France, simulates the effect of cropping system on transgene escape through pollen flow in B. napus crops from volunteer and cropped plants (Colbach et al 2000) and a sixth model developed in Germany describes reproduction in volunteer winter B. napus (Gruber and Claupein 2007).…”

Section: Population Dynamicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Biology of Canadian Weeds. 137. Brassica napus L. and B. rapa L.

Gulden¹,

Warwick²,

Thomas³

2008

Can. J. Plant Sci.

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. 2008. The Biology of Canadian Weeds. 137. Brassica napus L. and B. rapa. Can. J. Plan Sci. 88: 951Á996. Brassica napus and B. rapa are native to Eurasia. In Canada, these species are commonly referred to as volunteer canola, while feral populations of B. rapa are referred to as birdrape. Brassica napus and B. rapa have been grown commercially for their seed oil content in western Canada since the middle of the last century and volunteer populations are common in fields. Escaped populations of both species are also found along roadways, railways and in waste areas; however, only B. rapa is known to have naturalized, self-sustaining feral populations in these habitats in eastern Canada. Despite these escaped and feral populations, B. napus and B. rapa are mainly a concern in agricultural fields where their combined relative abundance has increased over the past few decades. In the mid 1990s, herbicideresistant genotypes of B. napus were released for commercial production. Herbicide-resistance and the stacking of genes in volunteer populations conferring resistance to multiple herbicides have contributed to increased difficulties in controlling volunteer B. napus in some crops. However, yield loss resulting from volunteer populations is not well documented in Canada.Key words: Brassica napus, Brassica rapa, herbicide resistance, transgene escape, volunteer canola, weed biology Gulden, R. H., Warwick, S. I. et Thomas, A. G. 2008. La biologie des mauvaises herbes au Canada. 137. Brassica napus L. et B. rapa L. Can. J. Plant Sci. 88: 951Á996. Brassica napus et B. rapa sont des plantes originaires d'Eurasie. Au Canada, on les de´signe souvent sous l'expression « canola spontane´», tandis que les peuplements sauvages de B. rapa sont appele´s « navette ». Dans l'Ouest canadien, Brassica napus et B. rapa sont cultive´s commercialement pour l'huile que renferment leurs graines depuis le milieu du sie`cle dernier et les repousses spontane´es sont devenues monnaie courante dans les champs. On observe des peuplements des deux espe`ces le long des routes et des voies ferre´es ainsi que dans les terrains vagues, cependant on sait que seule B. rapa s'est acclimate´e pour donner des populations sauvages et stables dans les meˆmes habitats, dans l'est du pays. Malgre´cela, B. napus et B. rapa demeurent surtout pre´occupants dans les cultures, oul eur abondance relative, une fois combine´s, s'est accrue au cours des dernie`res de´cennies. Au milieu des anne´e 1990, des ge´notypes de B. napus re´sistants aux herbicides ont e´te´homologue´s pour la culture commerciale. Cette re´sistance et l'accumulation des ge`nes qui la codent dans les peuplements spontane´s ont concouru a`compliquer la lutte contre les repousses de B. napus dans certaines cultures. Quoi qu'il en soit, les pertes de rendement qui en re´sultent sont mal e´taye´es au Canada.

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Section: Population Dynamicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Biology of Canadian Weeds. 137. Brassica napus L. and B. rapa L.

Gulden¹,

Warwick²,

Thomas³

2008

Can. J. Plant Sci.

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“…However, the percentage of possible F1-volunteers might have been very low because 1), tillage after harvest of the oilseed rape crop reduced survival of oilseed rape seeds in the soil, 2), the overall percentage of F1-hybrid plants was relatively low in comparison with LEAR plants and 3), no accumulation of outcrossing rates was detected over the three experimental years. Moreover, as shown by Gruber and Claupein (2007) the seed productivity of oilseed rape volunteers is just 45% of that reached by the sown oilseed rape plants. Volunteers often show reduced growth due to competition and unfavorable germination.…”

Section: Occurrence Of F2 and Backcross Plants From F1 Volunteer Seedsmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…However, two EU member states (Lithuania and Latvia) already adopted specific coexistence measures for oilseed rape and stipulated an isolation distance of 4,000 m between conventional and GM oilseed rape (EC, 2009), other EU member states so far proposed isolation distances between 35 and 400 m (Beckie & Hall, 2015). Large regulated isolation distances arise from skepticism about cultivation of GM oilseed rape in the EU, which is based on the possible spread of transgenes through pollen-mediated gene flow, volunteer emergence, feral oilseed rape plants, seed transfer by machinery or interbreeding with close relatives (Allnutt et al, 2013;Collier & Mullins, 2012;Gruber & Claupein, 2007;Hüsken & Dietz-Pfeilstetter, 2007;Knispel & McLachlan, 2010). Although oilseed rape is classified as a mainly self-pollinating crop, outcrossing by physical contact, wind and insects has been proven.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coexistence in Oilseed Rape: Effect of Donor Variety Type and Discarding Field Edges

Langhof¹,

Rühl²

2017

JAS

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Oilseed rape is one of the most important sources of vegetable oil worldwide. Approximately 24% of the world's total cultivation area in 2015 was planted with genetically modified (GM) varieties. Until now the cultivation of GM oilseed rape in the EU is not approved since coexistence of GM and non-GM oilseed rape is a matter of significant public concern. One reason is the differing information about pollen-mediated gene flow in this crop species. Therefore, in a 3-year field trial we investigated gene flow using a GM-free marker system consisting of a high erucic acid oilseed rape (HEAR) variety as pollen donor and a low erucic acid oilseed rape (LEAR) variety as pollen recipient. Donor and receptor fields were equally-sized (75 by 100 m or 0.75 ha) and separated by an isolation distance of 20 m clover-grass. Two different HEAR varieties, a hybrid variety and a line variety, were compared as pollen donor. Generally, outcrossing rates at 1 m field depth were significantly highest. A significant decrease in outcrossing was observed in the first donor-facing 20 m of recipient fields, with no further significant decrease in field depths > 20 m. Outcrossing rates of the total field harvest never exceeded 0.25%. Due to irregular patterns of outcrossing, a separated harvest of the receptor field edge facing the donor plot only marginally reduced the GM content in the total harvest.

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“…The contribution of feral plants to pollen flow into agricultural fields has been argued to be extremely small compared to that from the crop plants and volunteers, simply because of the far smaller number of feral plants (Ramsay et al, 2003;Gruber and Claupein, 2007;Messéan et al, 2009;Middelhoff et al, 2011;Squire et al, 2011). The main channel by which HT traits persist over time in fields would be through volunteers.…”

Section: Cultivation Scenariomentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Feral oilseed rape is part of a complicated, and variously connected, metapopulation of plants in which the most numerous are crop plants and volunteers (Simard et al, 2005;Gruber and Claupein, 2007;Messéan et al, 2009;Middelhoff et al, 2011;Squire et al 2011). Feral oilseed rape typically originates either from the spillage of seed during its transport to and from fields, the redistribution of seed by field equipment (Price et al, 1996;Zwaenepoel et al, 2006;von der Lippe and Kowarik, 2007b;Pivard et al, 2008a,b), or the dispersal of seed, for example by birds and mammals (von der Lippe and Kowarik, 2007a,b;Wichmann et al, 2009).…”

Section: Definition and Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Feral genetically modified herbicide tolerant oilseed rape from seed import spills: are concerns scientifically justified?

Devos

Hails

Messéan³

et al. 2011

Transgenic Res

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Contact CEH NORA team at noraceh@ceh.ac.ukThe NERC and CEH trademarks and logos ('the Trademarks') are registered trademarks of NERC in the UK and other countries, and may not be used without the prior written consent of the Trademark owner.1 | P a g e KEYWORDSGenetically modified oilseed rape, herbicide tolerance, seed spillage, ferality, persistence, invasiveness, coexistence, introgression 2 | P a g e ABSTRACTOne of the concerns surrounding the import (for food and feed uses or processing) of genetically modified herbicide tolerant (GMHT) oilseed rape is that, through seed spillage, the herbicide tolerance (HT) trait will escape into agricultural or semi-natural habitats, causing environmental or economic problems. Based on these concerns, three EU countries have invoked national safeguard clauses to ban the marketing of specific GMHT oilseed rape events on their territory. However, the scientific basis for the environmental and economic concerns posed by feral GMHT oilseed rape resulting from seed import spills is debatable.While oilseed rape has characteristics such as secondary dormancy and small seed size that enable it to persist and be redistributed in the landscape, the presence of ferals is not in itself an environmental or economic problem. Crucially, feral oilseed rape has not become invasive outside cultivated and ruderal habitats, and HT traits are not likely to result in increased invasiveness. Feral GMHT oilseed rape has the potential to introduce HT traits to volunteer weeds in agricultural fields, but would only be amplified if the herbicides to which HT volunteers are tolerant were used routinely in the field. However, this worst-case scenario is most unlikely, as seed import spills are mostly confined to port areas. Economic concerns revolve around the potential for feral GMHT oilseed rape to contribute to GM admixtures in non-GM crops. Since feral plants derived from cultivation (as distinct from import) occur at too low a frequency to affect the coexistence threshold of 0.9% in the EU, it can be concluded that feral GMHT plants resulting from seed import spills will have little relevance as a potential source of pollen or seed for GM admixture. This paper concludes that feral oilseed rape in Europe should not be routinely managed, and certainly not in semi-natural habitats, as the benefits of such action would not outweigh the negative effects of management.3 | P a g e INTRODUCTIONThe global area cropped with genetically modified (GM) crops has consistently increased each year since they were first commercially cultivated in 1996 (1.7 million hectares), reaching 148 million hectares in 2010 (James, 2010). The advent of GM crops and their rapid expansion in terms of cropping area evoked intense debate about their safety (Hails, 2000; Devos et al., 2008b;Waltz, 2009; Gaskell et al., 2011). Concerns have been raised that the commercial release of GM crops could result in adverse environmental and economic effects.Environmental concerns include the potential for altered fitness of the crop ...

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Fecundity of volunteer oilseed rape and estimation of potential gene dispersal by a practice-related model

Cited by 33 publications

References 19 publications

The Biology of Canadian Weeds. 137. Brassica napus L. and B. rapa L.

The Biology of Canadian Weeds. 137. Brassica napus L. and B. rapa L.

Coexistence in Oilseed Rape: Effect of Donor Variety Type and Discarding Field Edges

Feral genetically modified herbicide tolerant oilseed rape from seed import spills: are concerns scientifically justified?

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