Fiber-coupled single-photon detectors based on NbN superconducting nanostructures for practical quantum cryptography and photon-correlation studies

Słysz, W.; Węgrzecki, M.; Bar, Jan; Grabiec, P.; Górska, M.; Zwiller, Val; Latta, Christian; Böhi, Pascal; Milostnaya, I.; Minaeva, Olga; Antipov, A.V.; Okunev, O.; Korneev, A.; Смирнов, К. В.; Voronov, B.; Kaurova, N.; Gol’tsman, G.; Pearlman, Aaron; Cross, A.; Komissarov, I.; Verevkin, A.; Sobolewski, Roman

doi:10.1063/1.2218105

Cited by 51 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…The dark counts are manifested as spontaneous voltage pulses similar to the photoresponse pulses while the detector is blocked from all incoming radiation. We can see that for higher currents, detector has both higher efficiency and higher R dk , and both dependencies were explained in more detail in our previous work [12,21]. We describe the trade off between QE and R dk in terms of the noise equivalent power NEP, which is defined for quantum detectors as:…”

Section: System Quantum Efficiencymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, we have also used 10 × 20 µm 2 devices. The critical current density J c of the completed nanostructures varied from 2 to 6 MA/cm 2 at 4.2 K, with T c ≈10 K. The basic idea of the fiber-coupled SSPD working immersed and operated in a standard liquid-helium transport Dewar has been presented in our previous works [11,12]. The photon delivery to the NbN detector is provided by a single or multimode fiber, while the electrical output is connected to room-temperature electronics via an SMA connector directly integrated with the SSPDs coplanar waveguide output.…”

Section: Construction Of the Detectormentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As we have already stated, the NbN SSPDs are ultrafast, and efficiently count photons with wavelengths ranging from ultraviolet to infrared. They have already been successfully implemented for free-space (laboratory) detection at wavelengths 0.4 to 6.0 µm [2,16], as well as in optical fiber-based setup at wavelengths 0.9, 1.3, and 1.55 µm [11,12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We used a 0.9-µm-wavelength femtosecond pulsed laser as a test source. The fiber-coupled NbN detectors work immersed in liquid helium, and since both their fiber and electrical interconnects are outside the Dewar, they can be regarded as a room-temperature-like devices [11,12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fiber-coupled NbN superconducting single-photon detectors for quantum correlation measurements

et al. 2007

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We have fabricated fiber-coupled superconducting single-photon detectors (SSPDs), designed for quantum-correlationtype experiments. The SSPDs are nanostructured (~100-nm wide and 4-nm thick) NbN superconducting meandering stripes, operated in the 2 to 4.2 K temperature range, and known for ultrafast and efficient detection of visible to nearinfrared photons with almost negligible dark counts. Our latest devices are pigtailed structures with coupling between the SSPD structure and a single-mode optical fiber achieved using a micromechanical photoresist ring placed directly over the meander. The above arrangement withstands repetitive thermal cycling between liquid helium and room temperature, and we can reach the coupling efficiency of up to ~33%. The system quantum efficiency, measured as the ratio of the photons counted by SSPD to the total number of photons coupled into the fiber, in our early devices was found to be around 0.3 % and 1% for 1.55 µm and 0.9 µm photon wavelengths, respectively. The photon counting rate exceeded 250 MHz. The receiver with two SSPDs, each individually biased, was placed inside a transport, 60-liter liquid helium Dewar, assuring uninterrupted operation for over 2 months. Since the receiver's optical and electrical connections are at room temperature, the set-up is suitable for any applications, where single-photon counting capability and fast count rates are desired. In our case, it was implemented for photon correlation experiments. The receiver response time, measured as a second-order photon cross-correlation function, was found to be below 400 ps, with timing jitter of less than 40 ps.

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Section: System Quantum Efficiencymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Construction Of the Detectormentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fiber-coupled NbN superconducting single-photon detectors for quantum correlation measurements

et al. 2007

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“…Near-IR PMT-MCPs (photomultiplier tubes -microchannel plates) based on InP/InGaAs or InP/InGaAsP photocathodes are commercially available but suffer from a poor single photon detection probability, typically less than 1%. More recently, approaches employing superconducting materials have been proposed and tested [3]. However, because of their cooling requirements, 4K or lower, these detectors are today impractical for most applications and high-T c superconducting films have to be developed [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

ASIC for high-speed-gating and free running operation of SPADs

Rochas

Guillaume-Gentil

Gautier³

et al. 2007

SPIE Proceedings

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Single photon detection at telecom wavelengths is of importance in many industrial applications ranging from quantum cryptography, quantum optics, optical time domain reflectometry, non-invasive testing of VLSI circuits, eye-safe LIDAR to laser ranging. In practical applications, the combination of an InGaAs/InP APD with an appropriate electronic circuit still stands as the best solution in comparison with emerging technologies such as superconducting single photon detectors, MCP-PMTs for the near IR or up-conversion technique. An ASIC dedicated to the operation of InGaAs/InP APDs in both gated mode and free-running mode is presented. The 1.6mm 2 chip is fabricated in a CMOS technology. It combines a gate generator, a voltage limiter, a fast comparator, a precise timing circuit for the gate signal processing and an output stage. A pulse amplitude of up to +7V can be achieved, which allows the operation of commercially available APDs at a single photon detection probability larger than 25% at 1.55µm. The avalanche quenching process is extremely fast, thus reducing the afterpulsing effects. The packaging of the diode in close proximity with the quenching circuit enables high speed gating at frequencies larger than 10MHz. The reduced connection lengths combined with impedance adaptation technique provide excellent gate quality, free of oscillations or bumps. The excess bias voltage is thus constant over the gate width leading to a stable single photon detection probability and timing resolution. The CMOS integration guarantees long-term stability, reliability and compactness.

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Environmental Impact of Nanotechnology and Novel Applications of Nano Materials and Nano Devices

Madkour

2019

Advanced Structured Materials

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Fiber-coupled single-photon detectors based on NbN superconducting nanostructures for practical quantum cryptography and photon-correlation studies

Abstract: Published by the AIP Publishing Articles you may be interested inHigh efficiency and rapid response superconducting NbN nanowire single photon detector based on asymmetric split ring metamaterial Appl. Phys. Lett.

Cited by 51 publications

References 12 publications

Fiber-coupled NbN superconducting single-photon detectors for quantum correlation measurements

Fiber-coupled NbN superconducting single-photon detectors for quantum correlation measurements

ASIC for high-speed-gating and free running operation of SPADs

Environmental Impact of Nanotechnology and Novel Applications of Nano Materials and Nano Devices

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