Fibrin-Modified Cellulose as a Promising Dressing for Accelerated Wound Healing

Abstract

Dermal injuries and chronic wounds usually regenerate with scar formation. Successful treatment without scarring might be achieved by pre-seeding a wound dressing with cells. We aimed to prepare a wound dressing fabricated from sodium carboxymethylcellulose (Hcel® NaT), combined with fibrin and seeded with dermal fibroblasts in vitro. We fabricated the Hcel® NaT in a porous and homogeneous form (P form and H form, respectively) differing in structural morphology and in the degree of substitution of hydroxyl groups. Each form of Hcel® NaT was functionalized with two morphologically different fibrin structures to improve cell adhesion and proliferation, estimated by an MTS assay. Fibrin functionalization of the Hcel® NaT strongly enhanced colonization of the material with human dermal fibroblasts. Moreover, the type of fibrin structures influenced the ability of the cells to adhere to the material and proliferate on it. The fibrin mesh filling the void spaces between cellulose fibers better supported cell attachment and subsequent proliferation than the fibrin coating, which only enwrapped individual cellulose fibers. On the fibrin mesh, the cell proliferation activity on day 3 was higher on the H form than on the P form of Hcel® NaT, while on the fibrin coating, the cell proliferation on day 7 was higher on the P form. The Hcel® NaT wound dressing functionalized with fibrin, especially when in the form of a mesh, can accelerate wound healing by supporting fibroblast adhesion and proliferation.

Versatile Application of Nanocellulose: From Industry to Skin Tissue Engineering and Wound Healing

“…After intradermal suturing with ASC-decorated threads in an ex vivo experiment performed on porcine skin, the ASCs remained attached to the multifilament sutures without displaying morphological changes or reducing their metabolic activity [ 248 ]. In our recent study, novel cell carriers based on clinically used CMC fabrics (Hcel® NaT), modified with fibrin nanofibers, were designed for potential delivery of dermal fibroblasts into skin wounds [ 249 ].…”

Autologous Matrix of Platelet-Rich Fibrin in Wound Care Settings: A Systematic Review of Randomized Clinical Trials

“…Although the fibrin membrane acts as a favorable scaffold to the cells, it has low mechanical resistance, and it is easily degradable. Therefore, in order to enable to support the cells for a longer period, the fibrin membrane has to be reinforced with other natural or synthetic polymers [ 44 ].…”

“…In addition to the acute wounds, the chronic ones provoke intense concerns, since they represent a significant and often underestimated global socioeconomic burden [ 44 ]. In the USA, about 6.5 million people are affected by chronic wounds, encouraging the development of autologous biomaterials capable of accelerating wound healing.…”

Overview of Inexpensive Production Routes of Bacterial Cellulose and Its Applications in Biomedical Engineering

“…The BC/AgNPs membrane displayed a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus, with no toxicity reported and this was attributed to the slow release of the AgNPs from the BC membrane. 72 In another research, two forms (porous and homogeneous) of carboxymethylcellulose (Hcel®NaT) were modified with fibrin and seeded with dermal fibroblast cells to enhance cell adhesion and proliferation. Although it was found that cell adhesion and proliferation was higher on the homogeneous form than on the porous one, the composite was envisaged to accelerate wound healing process.…”