Finding Cina

Caldwell, Ian; Wellen, Kathryn

doi:10.1163/22134379-17302004

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Two sherds (TP1 Spit 3) resemble kaolin-rich fine 'white pottery' found at scattered early historical trading sites across Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines (Miksic and Yap 1990;Stargardt 2003). Three sherds from TP1 Spits 2 and 3 were identified from their appearance as resembling Luwu 'soft pottery' of 14th-17th-century age (Bulbeck 2009), which corroborates the close links between pre-Islamic Cina and Luwu as indicated by textual evidence (Caldwell and Wellen 2017). Three sherds from Spit 4 of TP4 appeared to be unusually high-fired, with the toughness of stoneware; two of them have red walls and a black core, while the third, possibly a cover, has an unusual shape.…”

Section: Terra Australis 48supporting

confidence: 57%

“…It is difficult to directly match Allangkanangnge, which was continuously occupied from the 13th to late 17th centuries, with a kingdom called Cina that originated in the Cenrana Valley to the east in the 13th century, rose to prominence in the 14th and 15th centuries, and vanished in the 16th century. Cina appears to have had more than one palace site; indeed, it is difficult to identify any fixed centre in the historical record of Cina (Caldwell and Wellen 2017). The local tradition that Allangkanangnge was the pre-eminent palace site of Cina cannot be proven by archaeology, nor by historical sources as these do not name it.…”

Section: Terra Australis 48mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Material culture at Allangkanangnge ri Latanete in relation to the origins of Bugis kingdoms

Hakim

Hawkins²,

Bulbeck³

et al. 2018

The Archaeology of Sulawesi: Current Research on the Pleistocene to the Historic Period

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The early historical South Sulawesi site Allangkanangnge ri Latanete is reputed to be the location of the palace of the legendary Bugis kingdom of Cina. This vanished kingdom arose in the 13th century AD and disappeared in the 16th century. The Allangkanangnge ri Latanete site is dated to between the 13th and 17th centuries based on Carbon-14 determinations and imported stoneware and porcelain sherds recovered through survey and excavation. The material cultural remains excavated at the site are dominated by earthenware sherds: their frequencies indicate light occupation during the 13th century, a main period of habitation between the 14th and 16th centuries, and a decline during the 17th century. Excavated earthenware vessel forms reflect a range of functions including food preparation and storage. There is evidence of ironworking from iron slag debris, earthenware sherds identified as crucibles rims and local oral history. The excavated area near the summit of the hill is characterised by old Islamic graves, said to be those of the rulers of Cina. However, there is no evidence here for burials older than the 16th century; in earlier centuries, the area on the summit, which is protected by a low stone wall, may have been the location of a wooden palace. Some dozens of stone arrangements scattered over the eastern slope may possibly be associated with marking the burials of cremated remains in jars. The site displays a partially coastal orientation, both in terms of physical proximity and subsistence debris during the 13th and 14th centuries followed by a greater focus on wet-rice production during the 14th to 17th centuries.

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Section: Terra Australis 48supporting

confidence: 57%

Section: Terra Australis 48mentioning

confidence: 99%

Material culture at Allangkanangnge ri Latanete in relation to the origins of Bugis kingdoms

Hakim

Hawkins²,

Bulbeck³

et al. 2018

The Archaeology of Sulawesi: Current Research on the Pleistocene to the Historic Period

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“…Cina is portrayed as a large and powerful kingdom that dominated the central rice-growing lands of the South Sulawesi peninsula and controlled trade with the outside world. Indeed, based on their review of the historical and archaeological evidence for the Cenrana valley, Caldwell and Wellen (2017) propose that it can be identified with Uda, the fifth South Sulawesi toponym mentioned in the Desawanana, which previously had not been matched to a particular location.…”

Section: Terra Australis 48mentioning

confidence: 99%

Imported tradeware ceramics and their relevance for dating socio‑political developments in South Sulawesi, with special reference to the Allangkanangnge ri Latanete site

Bulbeck¹,

Caldwell²,

Druce³

et al. 2018

The Archaeology of Sulawesi: Current Research on the Pleistocene to the Historic Period

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Imported high-fired ceramics (tradewares) are critical for dating early South Sulawesi historical sites between the 13th/14th and 16th/17th centuries AD. The Allangkanangnge ri Latanete site is of great importance in the South Sulawesi context because of its large tradeware assemblage of more than 2000 sherds and its radiometric chronology that confirms the 13th/14th-16th/17thcentury dating assigned by ceramic specialists to the tradeware classes. The site is also of major importance in its local identification with the palace centre of Cina, an early Bugis kingdom. The combined chronological evidence from tradewares and chronometric determinations demonstrates a 14th-century antiquity for the deepest examples of the abundant rice phytoliths recovered from the site. Allangkanangnge ri Latanete exemplifies the major role of rice in the economy of the early Bugis agrarian kingdoms as their subsistence basis and as a source of surplus produce to trade for ceramics and other exotic imports.

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“…Bantaeng was also known to the eastern Javanese empire of Majapahit in AD 1365, as recorded in a poem that documented its existence alongside four other South Sulawesi places (Robson 1995). This poem specifically linked Bantaeng to the reportedly less prominent places of Luwu (located at the northeast of the peninsula) and 'Uda', which probably was then based along the Cenrana River (Caldwell and Wellen 2017). Local looters have been active in plundering imported ceramics from Bantaeng's pre-Islamic cemeteries, including 13th/14th-century wares from Bantaeng city and the archaeological sites of Benteng Batu Terang, Borong Kapala and Borong Tua to the west of Bantaeng city (Nayati 2005: Table 6).…”

Section: Terra Australis 48mentioning

confidence: 99%

Reflections on the social and cultural aspects of the megalithic site of Onto, Bantaeng, South Sulawesi

Duli¹

2018

The Archaeology of Sulawesi: Current Research on the Pleistocene to the Historic Period

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This paper presents the results from an archaeological survey of the megalithic site of Onto in Bantaeng, South Sulawesi. A variety of archaeological remains were found at this site including menhirs, incised stones, rings of stacked stones, stone tablets including a stone altar, dakon stones with circular impressions, royal installation stones, structural stone walls, and pottery (imported and locally made). The surface survey undertaken at Onto documented the boundaries and spatial structure of its cultural remains. The analysis of these remains produced descriptions of each type of artefactual material as well as interpretations of their meaning. This research adds to the available information on the role of Onto in the origins of the early historical kingdom of Bantaeng and to our understanding of settlements attached to megalithic culture in South Sulawesi.

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Finding Cina

Abstract: This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the prevailing cc-by-nc license at the time of publication.

Cited by 6 publications

References 7 publications

Material culture at Allangkanangnge ri Latanete in relation to the origins of Bugis kingdoms

Material culture at Allangkanangnge ri Latanete in relation to the origins of Bugis kingdoms

Imported tradeware ceramics and their relevance for dating socio‑political developments in South Sulawesi, with special reference to the Allangkanangnge ri Latanete site

Reflections on the social and cultural aspects of the megalithic site of Onto, Bantaeng, South Sulawesi

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