Fine Structure of the Hydrogen Atom. Part II

Lamb, Willis E.; Retherford, Robert C.

doi:10.1103/physrev.81.222

Cited by 167 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…EIT is also observed for classical coupled oscillator, e.g. inductively or capacitively coupled electrical resonator circuits [10,11]. EIT systems could enable new practical applications of coherent processes, but the lack of time-scale separations characteristic of alkalis [12] obfuscates signatures of coherent processes.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Objectively Discerning Autler-Townes Splitting from Electromagnetically Induced Transparency

2011

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Autler-Townes splitting (ATS) and electromagnetically-induced transparency (EIT) both yield transparency in an absorption profile, but only EIT yields strong transparency for a weak pump field due to Fano interference. Empirically discriminating EIT from ATS is important but so far has been subjective. We introduce an objective method, based on Akaike's information criterion, to test ATS vs. EIT from experimental data and determine which pertains. We apply our method to a recently reported induced-transparency experiment in superconducting circuit quantum electrodynamics.

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confidence: 99%

Objectively Discerning Autler-Townes Splitting from Electromagnetically Induced Transparency

2011

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“…The hydrogen bonding phenomenon is a prime example of this type. There is a clear analogy for this type of interaction in the case of photons as well, as exemplified by the radiative corrections in quantum electrodynamics [10][11][12] that are responsible for the Lamb-Retherford shift [13] and the anomalous magnetic moment of the electron [14]. When employing the hypothesis of photon creation and annihilation, it is necessary to introduce a vacuum field to explain these effects because of the belief that real photons are completely absent in the immediate surroundings of the affected systems.…”

Section: Statistical Mechanics Of Massless Photons: Conclusion mentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence from the special relativity and blackbody radiation theories for the existence of photons possessing zero kinetic energy

Buenker

1992

Molecular Physics

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The traditional interpretation of radiative emission and absorption asserts that photons are created and annihilated in such processes. A Gedanken experiment is considered in which kinetic energy from observed photons is systematically removed until a limit of zero is reached. With the help of the relativistic Doppler effect it is shown that even for infinitesimally small kinetic energies the photons continue to exist, since in other inertial systems they will be observed to have a much higher energy/frequency falling in an easily detectable range. It is possible to formulate an alternative explanation for absorption and emission processes on this basis in terms of real photons with exactly zero kinetic energy being present before or after radiative interactions. Bolstering this hypothesis is the fact that the statistical mechanical treatment of photons interacting with oscillators in blackbody radiation theory predicts an infinite density of photons of this energy, both in the original Planck formulation employing Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics and in the subsequent Bose-Einstein description. These considerations demonstrate that the E = 0 state is greatly preferred as the product of absorption because of the requirement to have the interaction occur in a relatively narrow region of space-time. There is thus strong evidence that photons are not created and annihilated in radiative processes but simply have their kinetic energy changed either to or from a zero value. Accordingly a very high density of zero-energy photons is expected to exist uniformly throughout the universe. Finally, this development suggests that one should subject the creation-annihilation hypothesis to careful scrutiny in other areas of physics as well.

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“…However, the development of microwave technology in the early nineteen forties allowed Lamb and Retherford to study the possibility of stimulating transitions between fine structure levels of the same principal quantum number n. Their experiment depends on the long life time of the 2 S ½ energy level. Lamb and Retherford (1947, 1950, 1951, 1952 put forward a scheme to make a beam of atomic hydrogen and to excite it by electron bombardment. Most of the atoms in the 2 2 S ½ level, but not those in the 2 2 P ½ level would have a sufficiently long life time to be detected.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Lamb Shift Effect (on Series Limits) Revisited

2017

International Journal of Advanced Research in Chemical Science

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Fine Structure of the Hydrogen Atom. Part II

Cited by 167 publications

References 2 publications

Objectively Discerning Autler-Townes Splitting from Electromagnetically Induced Transparency

Objectively Discerning Autler-Townes Splitting from Electromagnetically Induced Transparency

Evidence from the special relativity and blackbody radiation theories for the existence of photons possessing zero kinetic energy

The Lamb Shift Effect (on Series Limits) Revisited

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