First molecular detection of Dirofilaria immitis (Spirurida: Onchocercidae) infection in dogs from Northern Algeria

Tahir, Djamel; Damene, Hanane; Davoust, Bernard; Parola, Philippe

doi:10.1016/j.cimid.2017.04.001

Cited by 12 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…II in Algeria. Here the prevalence observed for D. immitis was 23.61%, which is close to that reported from the same study area (Northern Algeria) by Ben-Mahdi and Madani (2009), where 24.46% of dogs were D. immitis-antigens positive [52], but it was higher than that reported by Tahir et al in 2015, who reported a prevalence of 1.4% for D. immitis in dog blood samples by molecular tests [53]. A very high prevalence of canine microfilaraemia of 42.68% was observed in Cherthala in the state of Kerala, a southern area of India [2].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Molecular Approach for the Diagnosis of Blood and Skin Canine Filarioids

et al. 2020

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The zoonotic Onchocerca lupi and tick-transmitted filarioids of the genus Cercopithifilaria remain less well known due to the difficulties in accessing to skin samples as target tissues. Here, we proposed a molecular approach reliying on multiplex qPCR assays that allow the rapid identification of filarioids from canine blood, skin, and tick samples. This includes two newly developed duplex qPCR tests, the first one targeting filarial and C. grassii DNA (CanFil-C. grassii). and the second qPCR assay designed for the detection of Cercopithifilaria bainae and Cercopithifilaria sp. II DNAs (C. bainae-C.spII). The third one is a triplex TaqMan cox 1 assay targeting DNA of blood microfilariae (e.g., Dirofilaria immitis, Dirofilaria repens and Acanthocheilonema reconditum). The novel duplex qPCRs developed were validated in silico and by screening of known DNA collection. The qPCR assays were also used for screening the blood and tick samples of 72 dogs from Algeria. This allowed the identification of canine filariasis infection with 100% of specificity and 89.47% and 100% of sensitivity from naturally infected blood and tick samples, respectively. The prevalences of 26.39% for D. immitis and 5.56% for both D. repens and A. reconditum were reported in blood and tick samples. Cercopithifilaria DNAs were detected only in tick samples, with a prevalence of 4.17% and 5.56% for C. bainae and Cercopithifilaria sp. II, respectively. Co-infections were diagnosed in 6.94% and 13.89% of blood and tick samples, respectively. Whereas all samples were negative for C. grassii DNA. The use of engorged ticks instead of blood and skin samples could be an easier option for the surveillance of all canine filarioids herein investigated. The multiplex qPCR assays herein validated were shown to be useful in the detection of filarial co-infections by overcoming sequencing of positive samples.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Molecular Approach for the Diagnosis of Blood and Skin Canine Filarioids

et al. 2020

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“…While human cases with D. repens have been frequently reported in Egypt [73,74], D. immitis was described once in a patient [75]. Data for canine dirofilariosis by D. immitis in North Africa are limited to few reports from Tunisia [49,76], Algeria [77,78] and Morocco [46]. It has been suspected that D. immitis is absent from some Middle Eastern countries such as Israel where D. repens is present [79].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seroprevalence and associated risk factors for vector-borne pathogens in dogs from Egypt

et al. 2021

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Background Dogs play an important role as reservoirs of many zoonotic vector-borne pathogens worldwide, yet reports of canine vector-borne diseases (CVBDs) in Egypt are scarce. Methods Serum samples were collected from pet dogs (n = 500) of the three most common breeds (German Shepherd, Rottweiler and Pit Bull) in five Governates of Cairo (n = 230), Giza (n = 110), Al-Qalyubia (n = 60), Al-Gharbia (n = 60) and Kafr El-Sheikh (n = 40) with a hot desert climate. The presence of antibodies to Anaplasma spp. (A. phagocytophilum, A. platys), Ehrlichia spp. (E. canis, E. chaffeensis, E. ewingii), Borrelia burgdorferi (s.l.) and Dirofilaria immitis were assessed using IDEXX SNAP® 4Dx® ELISA tests. For each pathogen, risk factors (i.e. geographical area, keeping condition, sex, age, breed, tick infestation, weekly sanitation of dog enclosures and application of ectoparasiticides) were evaluated by logistic regression approach. Results In total, 18.2% (n = 91, 95% CI 15.1–21.8) of dogs scored seropositive for at least one pathogen, the most frequent being Ehrlichia spp. (n = 56; 11.2%; 95% CI 8.7–14.3) followed by Anaplasma spp. (n = 33; 6.6%, 95% CI 4.7–9.1), Borrelia burgdorferi (s.l.) (n = 9; 1.8%, 95% CI 0.9–3.4) and D. immitis (n = 7; 1.4%, 95% CI 0.9–2.9). In the tested population, 15.4% (95% CI 12.5–18.8) of dogs were exposed to a single pathogen while 2.4 (95% CI 1.4–4.2) and 0.4% (95% CI 0.1–1.4) were simultaneously exposed to two or three pathogens, respectively. Major risk factors associated with VBDs were living outdoors (Anaplasma spp., P = 0.0001; Ehrlichia spp., P = 0.0001), female sex (Ehrlichia spp., P = 0.005), German Shepherd breed (Anaplasma spp., P = 0.04; Ehrlichia spp., P = 0.03), tick infestation (Anaplasma spp., P = 0.0001; Ehrlichia spp., P = 0.0001; B. burgdorferi (s.l.), P = 0.003; D. immitis, P = 0.02), irregular sanitation (Anaplasma spp., P = 0.0001; Ehrlichia spp., P = 0.0001; B. burgdorferi (s.l.), P = 0.002; D. immitis, P = 0.01) and not using ectoparasiticides (Anaplasma spp., P = 0.0001; Ehrlichia spp., P = 0.0001; B. burgdorferi (s.l.), P = 0.007). Conclusion To our knowledge, this is the first large-scale seroepidemiological study of CVBDs in Egypt. Considering that all of the detected pathogens are potentially zoonotic, effective ectoparasite control strategies, regular examination of pet dogs and successful chemoprophylaxis are advocated.

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“…Moreover, 4.7–29.5% prevalence rates were observed in India (Borthakur et al ., 2015). A few studies have reported D. immitis and D. repens in African countries including Algeria (Tahir et al ., 2017), Tunisia (Rjeibi et al ., 2017), Mozambique (Schwan and Durand, 2002) and Tanzania (Mukendi et al ., 2016) with 1.4–14.5% prevalence rates. The highest prevalence of D. immitis in the Americas has been reported in US Eastern states, Caribbean Islands and some parts of Argentina and Brazil (20.4–74%) (Lee et al ., 2010; Little et al ., 2014; Barrett and Little, 2016; Simón et al ., 2017).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Filarial worms: a systematic review and meta-analysis of diversity in animals from Iran with emphasis on human cases

et al. 2020

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Current systematic review and meta-analysis demonstrate the prevalence reports of filariasis in animals in Iran along with human cases. Studies were screened, relevant papers were selected and the random-effect model was used by forest plot with 95% confidence interval (CI). Of 17 records of human case-reports, particularly from Khuzestan province (5 cases), Dirofilaria repens was the most detected parasite (10 cases) with higher involvement of the right eye (7 cases) than other organs. Eleven animal species were reported to be parasitised by filarioids in Iran. The prevalence of Dirofilaria immitis in canids was 14.69% (95% CI: 10.33–19.67), with highest rates (20.92%; 95% CI: 13.84–29.03) in free-ranging dogs. Male (10.07%; 95% CI: 5.10–16.47) and more than 1-year old (20.77%; 95% CI: 8.66–36.42) dogs were more likely to be found infected. The frequency of other filarioids of zoonotic interest was: Acanthocheilonema reconditum in dogs 2.15% (95% CI: 0.71–4.33), Dipetalonema evansi in camels 10.16% (95% CI: 4.73–17.34), Onchocerca cervicalis in horses 3.63% (95% CI: 1.44–6.75%) and Onchocerca fasciata 16.57% (95% CI: 10.12–24.24%) in camels. Still, our knowledge on parasitic filariae in Iran is limited and more investigation is needed in both human and animal populations.

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First molecular detection of Dirofilaria immitis (Spirurida: Onchocercidae) infection in dogs from Northern Algeria

Cited by 12 publications

References 9 publications

Molecular Approach for the Diagnosis of Blood and Skin Canine Filarioids

Molecular Approach for the Diagnosis of Blood and Skin Canine Filarioids

Seroprevalence and associated risk factors for vector-borne pathogens in dogs from Egypt

Filarial worms: a systematic review and meta-analysis of diversity in animals from Iran with emphasis on human cases

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