First Report of Capsicum chlorosis virus Causing Yellow Stripes on Calla Lilies in Taiwan

Abstract

Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) and Calla lily chlorotic spot virus (CCSV) are two recognized species of the Tospovirus genus in the family Bunyaviridae infecting calla lily (Zantedeschia spp.). During 2005, 15 virus isolates were collected from different calla lily plants exhibiting yellow stripes on their leaves in Ho-Li, a major calla lily-production township in Taiwan. After three successive local lesion passages on Chenopodium quinoa Willd., diseased leaf tissues individually infected by these isolates were preserved in liquid nitrogen and used for subsequent identification studies. Using the tospovirus genus-specific primers gL3637 and gL4435c designed from the L RNA, an 800-bp DNA fragment was amplified in reverse transcription-PCR from all 15 isolates. Moreover, leaf extracts of the diseased calla lilies and the C. quinoa plants inoculated with the 15 virus isolates reacted with antisera against the nucleocapsid proteins (NP) of Capsicum chlorosis virus (CaCV)-gloxinia and Watermelon silver mottle virus (WSMoV), but not to monoclonal antibodies against the NP of TSWV, CCSV, Peanut chlorotic fan-spot virus (PCFV), or Impatiens necrotic spot virus (INSV) in indirect ELISA. These results indicate that the 15 virus isolates are tospoviruses belonging to the WSMoV serogroup. Additionally, we amplified and sequenced the full-length N gene from these tospovirus isolates using primers WN2328 (5′-CCATTGGTTTGCCTCCG-3′) and WN3534 (5′-CGTCGACAGAGCAATCGAGGC-3′) designed from the S RNA of WSMoV. The deduced amino acid sequences of the N protein from these 15 tospovirus isolates showed a greater than 92% identity to that of CaCV (GenBank Accession No. NC-008301). Furthermore, results of phylogenetic analysis of the 15 isolates on the basis of amino acids sequences, both genetic distance and parsimony trees indicated that they were all genetically clustered within CaCV using INSV, TSWV, and WSMoV as outgroups. The results indicate that the virus causing yellow stripes in calla lilies is a strain of CaCV. To our knowledge, this is the first evidence that CaCV can naturally infect calla lilies and cause yellow stripe symptoms. Reference: (1) F.-H. Chu et al. Phytopathology 91:361, 2001.

Intracellular Localization, Interactions and Functions of Capsicum Chlorosis Virus Proteins

“…Capsicum chlorosis virus was first discovered in capsicum ( Capsicum annuum L.) and tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum L.) crops in Queensland, Australia in 1999 ( McMichael et al, 2002 ). Subsequently, CaCV was recorded in China, India, Taiwan, and Thailand from capsicum, groundnut and tomato crops and ornamental plants ( Knierim et al, 2006 ; Chen C. et al, 2007 ; Chen K. et al, 2007 ; Kunkalikar et al, 2007 ). Due to a lack of natural resistance in commercial cultivars and inefficient control of transmitting thrips vectors, CaCV is of growing concern to horticultural industries.…”

Temporal expression of defence and susceptibility genes and tospovirus accumulation in capsicum chlorosis virus-infected capsicum

“…CaCV symptoms on a variety of plant hosts can include necrotic and/or chlorotic spots or rings on leaves, leaf distortion and mottling, apical necrosis, plant stunting, and yellow stripes (on calla lily) [ 2 , 7 , 13 , 29 ]. Although symptoms caused by CaCV infection in capsicum have been reported, symptom development over time and molecular defence responses have not been studied.…”

“…in Iran [ 11 ], amaryllis ( Hippeastrum hybridum Hort), blood lily ( Haemanthus multiflorus Martyn), and calla lily ( Zantedeschia spp.) in Taiwan [ 12 , 13 ], and waxflower ( Hoya calycina Schlechter) in the United States [ 14 ].…”

Occurrence, Distribution, Evolutionary Relationships, Epidemiology, and Management of Orthotospoviruses in China

“…The orthotospoviruses isolated from Yunnan belonged to four phylogenetic clades, with the majority (seven species) belonging to the WSMoV clade. Three new Orthotospovirus species were first reported in Yunnan: TZSV (Dong et al, 2008), hippeastrum chlorotic Chen et al, 2006, 2007, Chen et al, 2012aZheng et al, 2008;Huang et al, 2010;Yin et al, 2015;Sun et al, 2018 Adam et al, 1993;Zhang et al, 1998Zhang et al, , 2017Liu et al, 2010;Ren et al, 2014;Zheng et al, 2015b;Gao et al, 2016Gao et al, , 2020Jie et al, 2017;Sun et al, 2017;Zhu et al, ringspot orthotospovirus (HCRV; Dong et al, 2013), and chili yellow ringspot virus (CYRSV; Zheng et al, 2020). TSWV and TZSV were the dominant species, based on disease epidemics and severity (Zhang et al, 2016).…”