First Report of Tomato Brown Rugose Fruit Virus on Greenhouse Tomato in Syria

Abstract

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is an important vegetable crop worldwide. In spring and autumn 2017, virus-like symptoms were observed on greenhouse grown tomato plants in the east of Akkar plain (south of coastal region, Tartous governorate, Syria). These symptoms were: mild to severe mosaic on the apical leaves, brown necrosis on sepals, receptacle and flower’s cluster carrier, and severe symptoms of brown rugose and discoloration on fruit. During next growing seasons, disease spread was observed in most of Syrian coastal region with disease incidence ranged from 40% to 70% by 2020. Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV) was suspected as a main causal agent of the disease, especially since its first report in Jordan, a neighboring country (Salem et al. 2016), Palestine (Alkowni et al. 2019), Turkey (Fidan et al. 2019), Germany (Menzel et al. 2019), Italy (Panno et al. 2019), America (Camacho-Beltrán et al. 2019), Egypt (Amer and Mahmoud, 2020), and recently in Spain (Alfaro-Fernandez et al. 2021). In November and December 2020, seventy-one leaf samples from symptomatic plants (59 from Tartous and 12 from Lattakia governorates) and seven from asymptomatic ones (5 from Tartous and 2 from Lattakia) were collected and tested for the presence of ToBRFV by double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA), using ToBRFV-commercial kit (LOEWE® Biochemia, Germany) following the manufacturer’s instructions. Results showed, forty-three of symptomatic samples reacted positively (38 in Tartous and 5 in Lattakia) and none of asymptomatic ones. On the other hand, sap mechanical inoculation of 10 tomato cv. Mandaloun F1 (Enza Zaden, the Netherlands) plants using a positive tomato isolate gave systemic mosaic symptoms in all plants identical to those observed in the original plants in the field, after 13 days of inoculation, and necrotic local lesions on 10 plants of Nicotiana tabacum after 5 days, indicating the presence of a tobamovirus in general. ToBRFV infection was confirmed in all mechanically-inoculated plants by DAS-ELISA. Further tests were necessary to investigate ToBRFV presence, because of its serological relationships with another tobamoviruses. Six representative symptomatic samples (ELISA-positive) and two asymptomatic (ELISA-negative) samples were subjected to total RNA extraction using the SV-Total RNA Extraction kit (Promega, U.S.A.) following the manufacturer’s instructions. The samples were tested by two-step reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using species-specific primers and protocols for most common tomato-infecting viruses, including: tomato chlorosis virus and tomato infectious chlorosis virus (Dovas et al. 2002), pepino mosaic virus (PepMV) and tomato torrado virus (Wieczorek et al. 2013), alfalfa mosaic virus (Parrella et al. 2000), tomato spotted wilt virus (Salem et al. 2012) and a pair of primers: ToBRFV-F2 (5’-CATATCTCTCGACACCAGTAAAAGGACCCG-3’) and ToBRFV-R2 (5’-TCCGAGTATAGGAAGACTCTGGTTGGTC-3’) targeting a region of the RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), of the ToBRFV genome (KT383474; Salem et al. 2016). First-strand cDNA synthesis was carried out using Moloney murine leukemia virus reverse transcriptase (M-MLV RT; Promega) and random primer according to the manufacturer's protocol, then followed by PCR with the seven species-specific primers. Only ToBRFV was detected among all tested viruses in symptomatic samples (ELISA-positive), and none of the tested viruses was detected in the asymptomatic plants. To confirm the presence of ToBRFV, two selected RdRp-specific PCR amplicons (872 bp) were purified and ligated into pGEM T-Easy Vector (Promega), and three clones were sequenced (GenBank accession nos. MZ447794 to 96). BLASTn analysis showed that the nucleotide sequences are 99.77-100% identical and shared around 99% identity to RdRp of ToBRFV isolate (MT118666) from Turkey available in the GenBank. Accordingly, the presence of ToBRFV was confirmed by bioassays on indicator plants, DAS-ELISA, RT-PCR, and further sequencing. To our knowledge, this is the first report of ToBRFV infecting tomato in Syria, and this requires special emphasis for further investigations because of the virus severity, easy transmission ability and absent of commercial resistance varieties till now.

A Synoptic Review of Plant Disease Epidemics and Outbreaks Published in 2021

“…The remaining five confirmed first reports highlight recent outbreaks that were based on surveys carried out pre-2021, although the reports themselves were published in 2021 or first available online in 2021. In 2017, ToBRFV was confirmed on tomatoes growing in greenhouses in Syria (Hasan et al, 2022). It was confirmed as present in the United States of America in California in 2018 (EPPO, 2021).…”

Tomato brown rugose fruit virus: A pathogen that is changing the tomato production worldwide

“…In 2019, ToBRFV was reported in Turkey (Fidan, Sarikaya, & Calis, 2019), China (Yan et al, 2019), United Kingdom (Skelton et al, 2019), Netherlands (OEPP/EPPO, 2019a), Greece (OEPP/EPPO, 2019b), Egypt (Amer & Mahmoud, 2020) and Spain (Alfaro‐Fernández et al, 2021). Subsequently, in 2020/2021, new outbreaks were reported in France (OEPP/EPPO, 2020a), Czech Republic (OEPP/EPPO, 2020b), Cyprus (OEPP/EPPO, 2020c), Poland (OEPP/EPPO, 2020d), Austria (OEPP/EPPO, 2021a), Portugal (OEPP/EPPO, 2021b), Belgium (OEPP/EPPO, 2021c), Estonia (OEPP/EPPO, 2021d), Hungary (OEPP/EPPO, 2021e), Malta (OEPP/EPPO, 2021f), Norway (Hamborg & Blystad, 2021), Slovenia (OEPP/EPPO, 2021g), Switzerland (OEPP/EPPO, 2021h), Syria (Hasan, Salem, Ismail, Akel, & Ahmad, 2021) and Saudi Arabia (Sabra, Al Saleh, Alshahwan, & Amer, 2021) (Figure 2). ToBRFV has also been reported in pepper plants grown in Jordan (Salem, Cao, Odeh, Turina, & Tahzima, 2020), Italy (Panno et al, 2020a), Turkey (Fidan et al, 2021; Fidan, 2020), Syria and Lebanon (Abou Kubaa, Choueiri, Heinoun, Cillo, & Saponari, 2021).…”

Comparison of Models for Quantification of Tomato Brown Rugose Fruit Virus Based on a Bioassay Using a Local Lesion Host

“…The virus caused an outbreak on tomato plants in Israel in 2014 [2]. ToBRFV has been reported from tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) [1,[3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19], pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) [20][21][22][23], and weed hosts [24] in 35 countries [25], and has been causing devastating disease outbreaks in tomato production areas [26][27][28][29]. In fact, based on the Statistica report for 2020, tomato accounts for 16% of the global vegetable production [30] and is one of the most important vegetable crops in the world [31].…”