Flame retardant aircraft epoxy resins containing phosphorus

Hergenrother, P. M.; Thompson, Craig M.; Smith, Joseph G.; Connell, John W.; Hinkley, Jeffrey A.; Lyon, Richard E.; Moulton, Richard J.

doi:10.1016/j.polymer.2005.04.025

Cited by 242 publications

(158 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Its excellent thermal, chemical and mechanical properties have allowed for its use in a variety of high performance applications: the polymer has recently been adopted in the aviation and automotive industries where conventional thermally durable materials, such as metals, are being replaced by lighter weight, high thermal stability polymers [2] [3] [4]. To date, little work has been published on the flammability of poly(aryletherketones) with more attention assigned to the material's thermal [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] and thermo-kinetic properties [12] Semi-crystalline PEEK has a glass transition temperature (T g ) of 143°C, a continuous use temperature of 260°C, a melting point (T m ) of 343°C and an onset of decomposition temperature between 575 and 580°C [20 Techniques employed for measuring the ignition and burning behaviour of a polymer are numerous.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of the thermal decomposition and flammability of PEEK and its carbon and glass-fibre composites

Patel

Hull

Lyon

et al. 2011

Polymer Degradation and Stability

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125

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Conventional thermally durable materials such as metals are being replaced with heat resistant engineering polymers and their composites in applications where burn-through resistance and structural integrity after exposure to fire are required. Poly aryl ether ether ketone (PEEK) is one such engineering polymer. Little work has been published with regards to the flammability of PEEK and its filled composites. The current study aims to assess the flammability and fire behaviour of PEEK and its composites using thermogravimetric analysis, pyrolysis combustion flow calorimetry, limiting oxygen index, a vertical flame resistance test, and fire (cone) calorimetry.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of the thermal decomposition and flammability of PEEK and its carbon and glass-fibre composites

Patel

Hull

Lyon

et al. 2011

Polymer Degradation and Stability

Self Cite

125

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“…Led by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), apparatus such as the radiant Panel Apparatus and Rapid Cone Calorimetry have been developed to acquire the critical fire parameters [12], [13], [14] and [15]. Besides these, pyrolysis combustion flow calorimetry, also known as microscale combustion calorimetry (MCC), has been developing as a new tool to screen for flammability of polymeric materials [16], [17], [18] and [19]. The correlation between MCC and other evaluation methods, such as cone calorimetry, limiting oxygen index (LOI), and vertical burning tests, has been good in some cases.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study on intumescent flame retarded polystyrene composites with improved flame retardancy

Wilkie

2010

Polymer Degradation and Stability

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Abstract:The flame retardancy and thermal stability of ammonium polyphosphate/tripentaerythritol (APP/TPE) intumescent flame retarded polystyrene composites (PS/IFR) combined with organically-modified layered inorganic materials (montmorillonite clay and zirconium phosphate), nanofiber (multiwall carbon nanotubs), nanoparticle (Fe2O3) and nickel catalyst were evaluated by cone calorimetry, microscale combustion calorimetry (MCC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Cone calorimetry revealed that a small substitution of IFR by most of these fillers (≤2%) imparted substantial improvement in flammability performance. The montmorillonite clay exhibited the highest efficiency in reducing the peak heat release rate of PS/IFR composite, while zirconium phosphate modified with C21H26NClO3S exhibited a negative effect. The yield and thermal stability of the char obtained from TGA correlated well with the reduction in the peak heat release rate in the cone calorimeter. Since intumesence is a condensed-NOT THE PUBLISHED VERSION; this is the author's final, peer-reviewed manuscript. The published version may be accessed by following the link in the citation at the bottom of the page.

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“…Due to environmental reasons, the use of halogencontaining flame retardants needs to be decreased. Their most promising substitutes are the phosphorus-containing flame retardants owing to their extremely wide and versatile range, since the P element exists in various oxidation states [6]- [9]. The fire retarded epoxy resins with conventional additives are usually of poorer physical/mechanical properties than the unmodified ones; therefore the use of reactive comonomers is preferred in many cases.…”

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confidence: 99%

Comparison of additive and reactive phosphorus-based flame retardants in epoxy resins

Szolnoki

Toldy

Konrád

et al. 2013

Per. Pol. Chem. Eng.

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The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of phosphorus-based additive and reactive flame retardants (FR) on the flammability and mechanical properties of a pentaerythritol-based model epoxy resin system cured with a cycloaliphatic diamine hardener. Commercially available ammonium polyphosphate (APP) was used as additive and 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenantrene-10-oxide IntroductionEpoxy resins are extensively used in various industrial application fields as, for example, adhesives, surface coatings, laminates and matrix materials. Despite their exceptional characteristics like prominent adhesion to many substrates; moisture, solvent and chemical resistance; low shrinkage on cure; outstanding mechanical and electronic resistant properties, their flammability can still limit their application. The heat exchange during polymerization is also influences the potential fields of application [1]. The use of structural units made of composites of high mechanical loading capability, being suitable for replacing metallic structures, is rapidly increasing in the aircraft industry [2]. In the newest large commercial airliners the fuselage, the wings and the empennage are also made of carbon fibre reinforced composites. In case of fire, the health risk is not the only danger; also the decrease of mechanical properties can be significant [3]- [5]. Due to environmental reasons, the use of halogencontaining flame retardants needs to be decreased. Their most promising substitutes are the phosphorus-containing flame retardants owing to their extremely wide and versatile range, since the P element exists in various oxidation states [6]- [9]. The fire retarded epoxy resins with conventional additives are usually of poorer physical/mechanical properties than the unmodified ones; therefore the use of reactive comonomers is preferred in many cases. A great advantage of the reactive flame retardants is that they are chemically bound to the matrix, so their release to the environment is blocked, thus we can avoid the formation of FR-containing wastewaters [10]. However, incorporating them into the polymer structure several properties of the material generally decrease. The greatest challenge for the current research works is to create a composite system with optimal balance of mechanical performance and flame retardancy.Ammonium polyphosphate (APP), an additive-type flame retardant, with high phosphorus (31-32 wt%) and nitrogen (14-15 wt%) content, is extensively used in thermoplastic polymers, such as polypropylene [11, 12], ethylene-vinyl-acetate [13], polyurea [14], polylactide [15], etc. The literature deals with the application of APP in aromatic epoxy resins, mainly in diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A (DGEBA), however

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Flame retardant aircraft epoxy resins containing phosphorus

Cited by 242 publications

References 17 publications

Investigation of the thermal decomposition and flammability of PEEK and its carbon and glass-fibre composites

Investigation of the thermal decomposition and flammability of PEEK and its carbon and glass-fibre composites

Study on intumescent flame retarded polystyrene composites with improved flame retardancy

Comparison of additive and reactive phosphorus-based flame retardants in epoxy resins

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