Flame retardant treated flax fibre reinforced phenolic composites: Ageing and thermal characteristics

Molaba, Tshepiso Princess; Chapple, Steve; John, Maya Jacob

doi:10.1002/fam.2456

Cited by 18 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Natural fibers have high flammability; treatment of fibers with the help of fire retardants would expand their uses in elevated temperature applications [4]. The most commonly used fire retardants are based on halogens, phosphorus, boron, ammonium compounds, graphite, and alkaline earth metallic compounds [10]. Ideal fire retardants must be environmentally friendly, have low smoke content, low toxic potential and low corrosivity.…”

Section: Fire Retardantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of Chemically Treated Hybrid Jute - Flax Natural Composites for Elevated Temperature Applications

Öktem

Altintop

2019

Bitlis Eren Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi

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Composite materials utilizing natural fibers are becoming more popular and have a broad range of usage in the industry. Natural fibers come from nature and they have many advantages which are low cost, easily available and environmentally friendly. Some natural fibers are obtained from plants while others could be obtained from trees. Commonly used natural fibers are jute, flax, sisal, bamboo and ramie. In order to produce composite materials from natural fibers, both thermoset and thermoplastic resins can be used. In this experimental study, epoxy resin was combined with jute and flax woven fibers to obtain hybrid composites. Firstly, fibers were treated with a solution containing 5 % alkaline to improve the mechanical properties of the fibers. Two different chemicals were used to improve the fire resistance of the fibers namely ammonium sulfate and diammonium phosphate. Two different solutions were prepared for this purpose; a solution containing 20% of ammonium sulfate was prepared for the treatment of jute fiber and another solution containing 10% of diammonium phosphate was prepared for the treatment of flax fiber. The epoxy was applied to both samples by hand layup method and the curing was carried out by using the hot press. The hardness, thickness and mass of the produced samples were measured and a fire experiment was carried out. Several parameters such as flammability, heat distribution and temperature of the sample surfaces were investigated. Low flammability, low heat distribution and low temperature properties were observed on the surfaces of the samples which were chemically treated by using ammonium sulfate and diammonium phosphate.

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Section: Fire Retardantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of Chemically Treated Hybrid Jute - Flax Natural Composites for Elevated Temperature Applications

Öktem

Altintop

2019

Bitlis Eren Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi

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“…A major disadvantage related to fiber-reinforced plastics based on uncarbonized rice and coffee husks material however, is their high flammability [15,16]. Recently, flammability properties of fiber-reinforced plastics have been enhanced by incorporation of fire retardant additives, such as boron compounds [17], magnesium hydroxide [18], phosphorous-based compounds [16,19,20] and halogen [21]. To a great extent, these additives retard flammability, but have outlier disadvantages like production of dense smoke and corrosive combustion by-products during production.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The problem of high flammability of fiber-reinforced plastics developed with agricultural fillers in their raw form can be countered by use of bio-char from these materials as filler to transfer load. Additionally, bio-char has the ability to enhance mechanical properties like tensile strength and Young's modulus of fiber-reinforced plastics due to its hydrophobic nature [16,23,24]. This study therefore focused on developing fiber-reinforced plastics using compression molding with PP as matrix and modified, neutral and unmodified rice and coffee husks bio-chars as filler materials.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation on Char Residues and Mean Reactivity of Compression Molded Rice and Coffee Husks Bio-Char Reinforced Polypropylene

Yiga

Lubwama

Olupot

2020

Proceeding of 5th Thermal and Fluids Engineering Conference (TFEC)

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Fiber-reinforced plastics have gained utilization in recent years for many applications because they are a cheaper alternative to the ordinary petroleum-derived materials. On the other hand, considerable amounts of agricultural wastes still lack enough utilization. In this study, bio-chars of husks from two rice and two coffee varieties in Uganda were utilized as fillers to reinforce polypropylene (PP) and thus develop fiber-reinforced plastics. Bio-char filler material was varied between 0 % and 20 %. The plastics were prepared via melt mixing followed by compression molding. Effects of bio-char content on the thermal stability of the developed plastics were studied by use of an Eltra Thermostep Thermogravimetric analyzer. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) results showed that inclusion of biochar improved the thermal stability of the developed fiber-reinforced plastics. Maximum rate of weight loss ranged from -0.0414 %/min (for 15 % unmodified Wita-9 rice bio-char) to 0.0023 %/min (for pure PP), corresponding to respective peak temperatures of 680.8 °C and 604 °C respectively. Peak temperatures generally increased with increase in filler loading. It was found out by this study that incorporation of bio-char fiber material resulted in increased char residues. These residues tended to hinder combustion. The highest char residues (17.4 %) were obtained when PP was loaded with 15 % neutral Wita-9 rice husks bio-char. The highest mean reactivity attained was 6.1×10 -5 %/minute/°C obtained when 10 % unmodified Pussa rice husks bio-char was used to reinforce PP.

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“…Therefore, their fibre-reinforced polymer composites need to be protected against fire if used in applications such as in automotive, civil, or aircraft industries. It is believed that the addition of fire retardants (FRs) has the potential to expand the use of NFRP composites [19,20,21]. The use of FRs for NFRP composites may inhibit or even suppress the combustion processes, for example during heating, decomposition, ignition, and flame spread [21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is believed that the addition of fire retardants (FRs) has the potential to expand the use of NFRP composites [19,20,21]. The use of FRs for NFRP composites may inhibit or even suppress the combustion processes, for example during heating, decomposition, ignition, and flame spread [21]. Studies have shown that it is possible to enhance the fire resistance of NFRP composites by the incorporation of fire-retardant additives such as halogen, nitrogen and phosphorus-based compounds [22,23,24].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal Stability, Fire Performance, and Mechanical Properties of Natural Fibre Fabric-Reinforced Polymer Composites with Different Fire Retardants

et al. 2019

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In this study, ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and aluminum hydroxide (ALH) with different mass contents were used as fire retardants (FRs) on plant-based natural flax fabric-reinforced polymer (FFRP) composites. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), limited oxygen index (LOI), and the Underwriters Laboratories (UL)-94 horizontal and vertical tests were carried out for evaluating the effectiveness of these FR treatments. Flat-coupon tensile test was performed to evaluate the effects of FR treatment on the mechanical properties of the FFRP composites. For both fire retardants, the results showed that the temperature of the thermal decomposition and the LOI values of the composites increased as the FR content increases. Under the UL-94 vertical test, the FFRP composites with 20% and 30% APP (i.e., by mass content of epoxy polymer matrix) were self-extinguished within 30 and 10 s following the removal of the flame without any burning drops, respectively. However, the mechanical tensile tests showed that the APP treated FFRP composites reduced their elastic modulus and strength up to 24% and 18%, respectively. Scanning electronic microscopic (SEM) for morphology examination showed an effective coating of the flax fibres with the FRs, which improved the flame retardancy of the treated composites.

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Flame retardant treated flax fibre reinforced phenolic composites: Ageing and thermal characteristics

Cited by 18 publications

References 32 publications

Development of Chemically Treated Hybrid Jute - Flax Natural Composites for Elevated Temperature Applications

Development of Chemically Treated Hybrid Jute - Flax Natural Composites for Elevated Temperature Applications

Investigation on Char Residues and Mean Reactivity of Compression Molded Rice and Coffee Husks Bio-Char Reinforced Polypropylene

Thermal Stability, Fire Performance, and Mechanical Properties of Natural Fibre Fabric-Reinforced Polymer Composites with Different Fire Retardants

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