Flavors paired with internal pain or with nausea elicit divergent types of hedonic responses.

Dwyer, Dominic M.; Canto, Patricia Gasalla; Bura, Stefana; López, Matı́as

doi:10.1037/bne0000197

Cited by 23 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 58 publications

(128 reference statements)

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“…A one dimensional account of palatability would suggest that treatments which produce equivalent effects on appetitive responses should also have equivalent effects on aversive responseswhich is not the case here. Moreover, in a previous study (Dwyer et al, 2017), we demonstrated that pairing a flavor with either nausea or internal pain to the point that both appetitive responses and consumption were completely suppressed (and lick cluster size greatly reduced), only nausea-paired flavors showed increases in aversive reactions, while the pain-paired flavor elicited greater levels of immobility. In summary, many negative USs share the ability to reduce positive aspects of hedonic reactions, but there are reliable differences between them (in particular between emetic and non-emetic treatments) in the ability to induce either conditioned disgust or conditioned fear that cannot be explained simply in terms of differing levels of aversion (for an extended discussion of this issue, see Dwyer et al, 2017).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 61%

Conditioned hedonic responses elicited by contextual cues paired with nausea or with internal pain.

López¹,

Dwyer²,

Gasalla³

2019

Behavioral Neuroscience

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Pairing a taste with either internal pain or nausea, despite equivalent effects on voluntary consumption, has dissociable effects on hedonic responses: only pairing with nausea results in the production of disgust reactions, while pairing with internal pain results in conditioned fear as indicated by immobility. Here, we use orofacial reactions to examine the hedonic responses elicited by contextual, nonflavor, cues paired with nausea produced by injection of LiCl or internal pain caused by injection of hypertonic saline. In Experiment 1, aversive orofacial responses were the specific context-elicited behaviors in the rats injected with LiCl, whereas immobility was seen in the animals injected with hypertonic saline. In Experiment 2, rats first received discriminative training with two contexts, where one context was paired with LiCl or hypertonic saline, and the other context with isotonic saline. After this, rats were intraorally infused with a flavor (CS+) in the paired context, and with a different flavor (CS-) in the unpaired context. Second-order conditioning was then examined in a test conducted in the unpaired context. The infusion of the CS+ flavor produced aversive orofacial responses in the rats injected with LiCl but immobility in the subjects injected with hypertonic saline. The results suggest that nonflavor cues support conditioned hedonic responses in the same way as flavor cues, which implies that the quality of aversion learning (conditioned nausea vs fear) is primarily determined by the nature of the aversive event and not the type of conditioned cue.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 61%

Conditioned hedonic responses elicited by contextual cues paired with nausea or with internal pain.

López¹,

Dwyer²,

Gasalla³

2019

Behavioral Neuroscience

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“…Recent work supports the idea that CTAs induced with LiCl or hypertonic saline involve a decrease in both intake and palatability, but that these dissimilar CTA-inducing USs may result in some differential behavioral responses (Dwyer, Gasalla, Bura, & Lopez, 2017). Dwyer and colleagues compared CTAs induced by either LiCl or hypertonic saline as assessed by taste reactivity and voluntary intake, while monitoring locomotor activity (to determine fear-induced freezing) during the taste reactivity trials.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 71%

“…Also, as in the Pelchat et al (1983) study, certain design choices may not have been optimal, including sequential rather than concurrent lick and taste reactivity analysis as well as context changes between conditioning and test trials, which may influence behavior during extinction. Nonetheless, the results of Dwyer et al (2017) raise the possibility that, while many stimuli can produce CTA, nausea-inducing stimuli may have a particularly profound influence on conditioned gaping. Conversely, painful stimuli may have an equally profound effect on measures of fear-like behavior, such as freezing.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Lactose malabsorption and taste aversion learning

Arthurs

Lin

Ocampo

et al. 2017

Physiology & Behavior

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Consumption of foods can be suppressed by two feeding system defense mechanisms: conditioned taste aversion (CTA) or taste avoidance learning (TAL). There is a debate in the literature about which form of intake suppression is caused by various aversive stimuli. For instance, illness-inducing stimuli like lithium chloride are the gold standard for producing CTA and external (or peripheral) painful stimuli, such as footshock, are the traditional model of TAL. The distinction between CTA and TAL, which have identical effects on intake, is based on differential effects on palatability. That is, CTA involves a decrease in both intake and palatability, whereas TAL suppresses intake without influencing palatability. We evaluated whether lactose, which causes gastrointestinal pain in adult rats, produces CTA or TAL. Using lick pattern analysis to simultaneously measure intake and palatability (i.e., lick cluster size and initial lick rate), we found that pairing saccharin with intragastric infusions of lactose suppressed both the intake and palatability of saccharin. These results support the conclusion that gastrointestinal pain produced by lactose malabsorption produces a CTA, not TAL as had previously been suggested. Furthermore, these findings encourage the view that the CTA mechanism is broadly tuned to defend against the ingestion of foods with aversive post-ingestive effects.

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“…In some cases, intraoral infusions of saccharin elicited other aversive behavioral responses including dripping of the fluid from the mouth [a behavior consistent with responses to concentrated quinine (Grill & Norgren ) and tastants paired with illness (Dwyer et al . )], as well as face wipes, forelimb flails, head shakes and mouth‐to‐floor wiping (Grill & Norgren ; Berridge ; Berridge ). Animals that exhibited a high frequency of these other aversive behaviors were analyzed separately (Supporting Information).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Drug‐induced dysphoria is enhanced following prolonged cocaine abstinence and dynamically tracked by nucleus accumbens neurons

et al. 2018

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Negative reinforcement models postulate that addicts use drugs to alleviate negative affective states (e.g. dysphoria) associated with withdrawal. In a pre-clinical model, rats exhibit negative affect to a normally rewarding tastant when it predicts impending, but delayed cocaine, and nucleus accumbens (NAc) neurons dynamically track this state. Here, we examined the effects of short versus prolonged experimenter-imposed cocaine abstinence on negative affect, cocaine seeking and self-administration. Rats were given 14 saccharin-cocaine sessions; NAc activity and affective responses to the taste (i.e. taste reactivity) were measured during sessions 1 and 14. Next, following 1 or 30 days of abstinence, taste reactivity and cell firing were recorded in a three-phase test session: (1) intraoral saccharin infusions, (2) extinction and (3) cocaine self-administration. Results showed that 30 days of abstinence led to a significant enhancement of aversive responses to the cocaine-paired tastant, accompanied by a dramatic decline in NAc phasic activity during tastant infusion. While extinction behavior did not differ across groups, NAc phasic firing reemerged during drug seeking. Further, when drug was again readily available, greater aversion to the drug-paired tastant before and after abstinence was associated with increased self-administration following prolonged (30-day) abstinence in rats classified as high (not low) aversive. Collectively, these findings show that drug-induced dysphoria is enhanced following prolonged cocaine abstinence and that NAc neural signaling is dynamic, dampening when negative affect is at its highest (phase 1), but transitioning back 'online' during subsequent drug seeking and taking (phases 2 and 3).

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Flavors paired with internal pain or with nausea elicit divergent types of hedonic responses.

Cited by 23 publications

References 58 publications

Conditioned hedonic responses elicited by contextual cues paired with nausea or with internal pain.

Conditioned hedonic responses elicited by contextual cues paired with nausea or with internal pain.

Lactose malabsorption and taste aversion learning

Drug‐induced dysphoria is enhanced following prolonged cocaine abstinence and dynamically tracked by nucleus accumbens neurons

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