Flow velocity profiles in the Lower Scheldt estuary

Abstract

Recent acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP)-measurements in the Scheldt estuary near Antwerp, Belgium, revealed anomalous, i.e. anti-clockwise circulations in a left bend during the major part of the flood period; these circulations were established shortly after the turn of the tide. During ebb, anti-clockwise circulations persisted, as predicted by classical theory. These data were analysed with a 3D and a 1DV-model. The 3D simulations reveal that the anomalous circulations are found when salinity is included in the computations-without salinity "normal" circulations were found. From analytical and 1DV simulations, it is concluded that a longitudinal salinity gradient @S=@x may induce a near-bed maximum in flow velocity reversing the direction of the secondary currents. The 1DV-model was then used to assess the contribution of various processes one by one. It was found that because of a reduction in vertical mixing, the vertical velocity profile is not at equilibrium during the first phase of accelerating tide, further enhancing the effects of @S=@x. A small vertical salinity gradient @S=@z appeared to have a very large effect as the crosscurrents of the secondary circulations induced by @S=@x became an order of larger magnitude. However, at the site under consideration, the effects of transverse salinity gradients, generated by differential advection in the river bend, were dominant: adverse directions of the secondary circulations were found even when the vertical velocity profile became more regular with a more or less logarithmic shape, i.e. when the effects of @S=@x and @S=@z did not play a dominant role anymore. It is argued that data on the secondary velocity structure, which can be measured easily owing to today's developments in ADCP equipment, may serve as an indicator for the accuracy at which the salinity field is computed with 3D numerical models. Moreover, the large effect of the salinity structure on the velocity field must have a large impact on the morphological development of estuaries, which should therefore be accounted for in morphological modelling studies.

Sediment-induced buoyancy destruction and drag reduction in estuaries

“…Our new formula (5) can easily be extended to include the effects of vertically homogeneous horizontal salinity gradients dS/dx, responsible for gravitational circulation. For this purpose, we use the derivations presented in Winterwerp et al (2006), yielding:…”

Fine sediment transport by tidal asymmetry in the high-concentrated Ems River: indications for a regime shift in response to channel deepening

“…For a vertical homogeneous salinity distribution, the induced residual flow velocity scales with h 2 /u * (e.g., Winterwerp et al 2006) and would, therefore, rapidly increase with river depth. With increasing vertical stratification, the effects of gravitational circulation increase-vertical stratification itself increases with depth (e.g., Eq.…”

Reversed Lateral Circulation in a Sharp Estuarine Bend with Weak Stratification

“…Differences can be induced by, for example, differences in strength (Friedrichs and Aubrey 1988) or vertical profile of ebb and flood currents. The latter can result from asymmetry in the along estuary baroclinic gradient force with respect to the tidal flow, which generally enhances shear (Chant and Wilson 1997) and stratification (Simpson et al 1990) during ebb, but can lead to a nearbed maximum in the streamwise flow during flood, which affects the centrifugal acceleration and secondary flow (Winterwerp et al 2006). Streamwise flow with a near-bed maximum and reversed secondary circulation during flood has also been observed in the absence of an along-estuary salinity gradient (Nakayama et al 2016), attributed to asymmetry in tidal advection.…”