Flower pigment composition of Crocus species and cultivars used for a chemotaxonomic investigation

Nørbæk, Rikke; Brandt, Kirsten; Nielsen, Jens Kvist; Ørgaard, Marian; Jacobsen, N. Kingo

doi:10.1016/s0305-1978(02)00020-0

Cited by 83 publications

(65 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…In addition, sometimes misclassification occurs due to the fact that, in many cases, flowers of C. hadriaticus and C. cartwrightianus may look alike and therefore both species could be simultaneously present in specific areas. Nevertheless, our data support the proposed allotriploid origin of C. sativus (Agayev, 2002;Nørbaek et al, 2002) as the result of crossing between two closely related species with participation of n and 2n gametes. The resynthesis from the presumptive parental diploids C. hadriaticus and C. cartwrightianus could help not only to demonstrate the origin of saffron, but also possibly to provide a good tool to obtain fertile saffron plants that could be improved.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

“…In fact, the apocarotenoid profile of C. medius clearly differs from the one obtained for C. goulimyi. Furthermore, recent studies showed similar results when flower pigment composition has been studied (Nørbaek et al, 2002); the authors consider that C. medius should be included in the series Versicolores rather than in the series Longiflori. In addition, in a study with repetitive DNA, Frello et al (2004) showed that the species included in the series Longiflori does not form a monophyletic group.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 69%

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Implications of Carotenoid Biosynthetic Genes in Apocarotenoid Formation during the Stigma Development of Crocus sativus and Its Closer Relatives

2005

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Crocus sativus is a triploid sterile plant characterized by its long red stigmas, which produce and store significant quantities of the apocarotenoids crocetin and crocin, formed from the oxidative cleavage of zeaxanthin. Here, we investigate the accumulation and the molecular mechanisms that regulate the synthesis of these apocarotenoids during stigma development in C. sativus. We cloned the cDNAs for phytoene synthase, lycopene-b-cyclase, and b-ring hydroxylase from C. sativus. With the transition of yellow undeveloped to red fully developed stigmas, an accumulation of zeaxanthin was observed, accompanying the expression of CsPSY, phytoene desaturase, and CsLYCb, and the massive accumulation of CsBCH and CsZCD transcripts. We analyzed the expression of these two transcripts in relation to zeaxanthin and apocarotenoid accumulation in other Crocus species. We observed that only the relative levels of zeaxanthin in the stigma of each cultivar were correlated with the level of CsBCH transcripts. By contrast, the expression levels of CsZCD were not mirrored by changes in the apocarotenoid content, suggesting that the reaction catalyzed by the CsBCH enzyme could be the limiting step in the formation of saffron apocarotenoids in the stigma tissue. Phylogenetic analysis of the CsBCH intron sequences allowed us to determine the relationships among 19 Crocus species and to identify the closely related diploids of C. sativus. In addition, we examined the levels of the carotenoid and apocarotenoid biosynthetic genes in the triploid C. sativus and its closer relatives to determine whether the quantities of these specific mRNAs were additive or not in C. sativus. Transcript levels in saffron were clearly higher and nonadditive, suggesting that, in the triploid gene, regulatory interactions that produce novel effects on carotenoid biosynthesis genes are involved.Carotenoids are terpenoid compounds that are ubiquitous in nature. In all photosynthetic organisms, they carry out essential functions in light-harvesting systems and in photosynthetic reaction centers (Horton et al., 1996). In higher plants, carotenoids play additional roles in providing distinct yellow, orange, and red colors to certain organs, such as flowers and fruits, to attract animals for pollination and dispersal of seeds. In those tissues, unique carotenoids synthesized as secondary metabolites accumulate to high concentrations and are stored within the chromoplasts.All isoprenoids, including carotenoids, are derived from the ubiquitous C5 building blocks isopentenyl diphosphate and dimethylallyl diphosphate. These precursors can be synthesized through two different routes: the classical mevalonate pathway in the cytoplasm or the alternative nonmevalonate pathway in plastids (Rohmer et al., 1993;Arigoni et al., 1997). Metabolic cross-talk between the pathways can be observed under certain conditions (Hemmerlin et al., 2003). The plastidial pathway, now known as the 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate pathway, has been fully elucidated by a combination of bi...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 69%

Implications of Carotenoid Biosynthetic Genes in Apocarotenoid Formation during the Stigma Development of Crocus sativus and Its Closer Relatives

2005

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“…According to Holton et al (1993), the Nørbaek et al (2002), it confirmed that petunidin and delphinidin are the major anthocyanidins of saffron tepals. The tepals and perianth of Crocus species have different color characteristics; however, Nørbaek et al (2002) reported that different forms of dephinidin and petunidin are the major anthocyanin in perianth (the green outer plus fused petals) segment of C. sativus. While the cyanidin 3 and 5 glucosides of anthocyanins extracted by SW method was more than AE method, its pelargonidin 3 and 5 glucosides was lesser.…”

Section: Polymeric and Monomeric Colormentioning

confidence: 86%

Effects of sulfur water extraction on anthocyanins properties of tepals in flower of saffron (Crocus sativus L)

et al. 2013

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A sulfur solution with different metabisulfite concentrations (100, 400, 700, 1,000 and 2,000 ppm) was used to extract anthocyanins from saffron tepals. The extraction process was compared with acidified ethanol solution at similar extraction times of 20, 40, 60, 120, and 180 min at 40°C. The recovery of anthocyanins with sulfur solution was higher than ethanol extraction and reached to 700 mg anthocyanins/100 g, when the sulfur concentration and extraction time were 700 ppm and 60 min, respectively. HPLC analysis showed that anthocyanins extracted with sulfur solution followed by partial desulfurization and reducing sulfur content (to less than 250 ppm) had around 100 % more cyanidin 3 glucosides and 100 % less pelargonidin 3,5 glucosides in comparison with ethanol extraction. Additionally, the color of low-sulfured anthocyanins had more saturation (chroma), less lightness, and more stability than the one extracted with ethanol solution. While monomeric and polymeric anthocyanins extracted with sulfur solution had less than 1 % changes after 3 h extraction time, they had more than 12 % changes when they extracted with alcoholic solution at similar conditions. Overall, the sulfur method had a potential to extract stable anthocyanins from waste and discarded saffron tepals in aqueous solvent, and with higher quantity and quality (more attractive color) than conventional ethanol extraction method.

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“…Few studies about other parts of C. sativus flowers different to stigmas have been performed. Some flavonoids and anthocyanins have been characterized in C. sativus tepals [3][4][5][6][7]. Previous studies have suggested applying some parts of flowers to the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries for its antioxidant and medicinal properties [8][9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical characterization, antioxidant and antibacterial activity of Moroccan Crocus sativus L petals and leaves

Jadouali¹,

Atifi²,

Bouzoubaâ³

et al. 2018

jmes

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Flower pigment composition of Crocus species and cultivars used for a chemotaxonomic investigation

Cited by 83 publications

References 24 publications

Implications of Carotenoid Biosynthetic Genes in Apocarotenoid Formation during the Stigma Development of Crocus sativus and Its Closer Relatives

Implications of Carotenoid Biosynthetic Genes in Apocarotenoid Formation during the Stigma Development of Crocus sativus and Its Closer Relatives

Effects of sulfur water extraction on anthocyanins properties of tepals in flower of saffron (Crocus sativus L)

Chemical characterization, antioxidant and antibacterial activity of Moroccan Crocus sativus L petals and leaves

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