Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer Based Highly Efficient Theranostic Nanoplatform for Two-Photon Bioimaging and Two-Photon Excited Photodynamic Therapy of Multiple Drug Resistance Bacteria

Abstract

Near-infrared (NIR) light between 700 and 2500 nm, which is in the range of the first, second, and third biological windows, has the capability to penetrate biological tissues and blood, which provides a huge advantages of higher penetration depth. However, because of the lack of available biocompatible single photon probes in NIR window, there is an urgent need for new theranostic material, which could be used for two-photon bioimaging as well as for two-photon photodynamic therapy (PDT) in biological window. Driven by the need, the current manuscript reports gold nanoclusters (GNCs) attached graphene quantum dot (GQD) based twophoton excited theranostic nanoplatform with high two-photon absorption, very strong two-photon luminescence, as well as two-photon stability in NIR region. Experimental result shows strong two-photon luminescence and twophoton-induced PDT, which is based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) mechanism, where graphene quantum dots with very high two-photon absorption act as two-photon donors and gold nanoclusters act as acceptors. Reported data indicate that 1 O 2 generation efficiency enhances tremendously due to the FRET process, which increases the two-photon excited PDT efficiency for multiple drug resistance bacteria (MDRB). Reported data indicate that the nanoplatform has the capability for bright two-photon bioimaging and two-photon photodynamic therapy for MRSA and carbapenem-resistant (CRE) Escherichia coli. Reported nanoplatform is a promising candidate to serve as a contrast agent for multiphoton imaging as well as for two-photon excited PDT agent to eliminate multidrug-resistant strains. KEYWORDS: gold nanoclusters attached graphene quantum dot based nanoprobes, two-photon-induced FRET, multiple drug resistance MRSA and Escherichia coli, two-photon luminescence image, two-photon photodynamic therapy for MDRB

Water Triggered Synthesis of Highly Stable and Biocompatible 1D Nanowire, 2D Nanoplatelet, and 3D Nanocube CsPbBr3 Perovskites for Multicolor Two-Photon Cell Imaging

“… 45 − 54 Experimental details have been reported before and are discussed in the Supporting Information . 47 , 55 , 58 − 60 , 68 − 71 In brief, for the measurement, we used an 80 MHz Ti-sapphire laser as an excitation source with 100 fs pulse width. 47 , 55 , 58 − 60 We used an optical parametric amplifier to generate 800 nm excitation wavelength.…”

“… 47 , 55 , 58 − 60 , 68 − 71 In brief, for the measurement, we used an 80 MHz Ti-sapphire laser as an excitation source with 100 fs pulse width. 47 , 55 , 58 − 60 We used an optical parametric amplifier to generate 800 nm excitation wavelength. 3 , 47 , 55 , 58 , 60 The laser beam was focused down to a radius of ∼30 μm on the sample.…”

“… 47 , 55 , 58 − 60 We used an optical parametric amplifier to generate 800 nm excitation wavelength. 3 , 47 , 55 , 58 , 60 The laser beam was focused down to a radius of ∼30 μm on the sample.…”

Photo/electrocatalysis and photosensitization using metal nanoclusters for green energy and medical applications

“…[110][111][112][113] Two-photon absorption of ligand-protected metal NCs shows a nonlinear optical property that is attractive for applications such as biological imaging and PDT. 114 Vangara et al demonstrated twophoton PDT under 860 nm NIR excitation for multiple drug resistance bacteria (MDRB) using a nanocomposite of a-lipoic acid stabilized Au NCs and graphene quantum dots (GQDs) (Au NCs-GQDs nanocomposite), 115 where the GQDs with high NIR absorption act as two-photon donor-chromophores, while the Au NCs act as acceptors. Due to the FRET process between the Au NCs and the GQDs, the 1 O 2 generation capability of Au NCs-GQD nanocomposite enhanced tremendously, which was higher than that of rose bengal, which is an efficient organic photosensitizer ( 1 O 2 quantum yield of rose bengal, F RB ¼ 0.75) (Fig.…”

A WS2-gold nanoparticle heterostructure-based novel SERS platform for the rapid identification of antibiotic-resistant pathogens

“…Antibiotic resistant bacteria, which are a nightmare for medical treatment, are responsible for more than a million deaths in the world every year. [25][26][27][28][29][30] As per the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), antibiotic resistance is one of the biggest public health challenges in the 21 st century. 26 As a result, there is a huge urgency in nding rapid and costeffective assays which will have the capability for rapid and accurate determination of the appropriate antibiotic for an infection in a timely manner.…”