Food environment, walkability, and public open spaces are associated with incident development of cardio-metabolic risk factors in a biomedical cohort

Paquet, Catherine; Coffee, Neil; Haren, Matthew T.; Howard, Natasha; Adams, Robert; Taylor, Anne; Daniel, Mark

doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2014.05.001

Cited by 130 publications

(114 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…These finding showed the benefit of having healthier food retailers around schools, and ideally zero convenience stores, which could improve both sides of the energy balance. Lastly, contrary to our hypothesis and prior neighborhood studies, 21,28 no park or open space, of any size, within a 1-mile buffer from school was associated with children's level of fitness. Only a higher number of parks larger than 12.5 acre showed a negative association with females' average-PACER, perhaps due to personal safety concerns.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Should We Build Our School Here? Children’s Level of Fitness, School Site-Typology and the Built Environment

Bernardinello¹,

PhD²,

Carrel³

et al. 2019

IRJPH

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Background:No prior studies have assessed the relationship of school-sites with children's fitness, nor evaluated how it is influenced by types of built environments surrounding school-sites. Purpose: To create a typology of school-sites and assess their associations, with school-level cardiorespiratory fitness (PACER score), as well as 34 environmental measures, reflecting food retailers and parks. Methods: PACER scores (#laps) were obtained on 20,900 children, 5-18 years-old, attending 103 rural and urban public schools in Wisconsin 2009-2010. Scores were aggregated at the school-level (mean 25.2±10.5). School-site typology reflects walkability context and parcel size. Schools were classified as: Neighborhood-School, Neighborhood-Campus, Neighborhood-Suburban, or Campus-School. Geospatial and linear regression were performed , overall and by sex and age strata, using a 1600-meter circular buffer around each school. Associations with school-level-PACER score were assessed for school types; density of unhealthy and healthier food retailers; and types of parks. Results: Campus-Schools predict a school average-PACER 7 laps significantly higher than Neighborhood-schools. 'Neighborhood-Campus' showed the lowest PACER for males and 11-13 years-old (10 and 12 laps lower). Negatively correlated with average-PACER were, unhealthy convenience stores for both sex, large parks for females. More fast-casual restaurants predict higher average-PACER. Schools with more students predict higher average-PACER for males and 6-10 years-old. Conclusion: Among Wisconsin schools, school-site and its context are associated with children's physical fitness, suggesting that school-siting should include a health benefit analyses in the process. This study demonstrates the utility of school-level PACER scores and suggests further study of the mechanisms by which children's fitness is influenced by food retailers around school zones. ABSTRACT IRJPH: https://escipub.com/international-research-journal-of-public-health/ 1Milena Bernardinello and Aaron L. Carrel, IRJPH, 2019; 3:31 IRJPH: https://escipub.com/international-research-journal-of-public-health/ 2 7 U.S. Census SAIPE 2010 -https://www.census.gov/programssurveys/saipe/data/datasets.2010.html 8 UW-Madison GeoData portalhttp://maps.sco.wisc.edu/opengeoportal, 2018 9 UW-Madison State Cartographer's Officehttps://www.sco.wisc.edu/data/parcels/

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Should We Build Our School Here? Children’s Level of Fitness, School Site-Typology and the Built Environment

Bernardinello¹,

PhD²,

Carrel³

et al. 2019

IRJPH

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“…While studies evaluating the built environment have grown rapidly over the past decade [10, 11, 19–24], gaps in data acquisition and consistent methods for measuring built environment characteristics have hampered the adoption of evidence into planning and practice. Participants suggested “ better co-ordination, alignment, and standardization of built environment metrics and performance measures” that could be “ easily adopted by policymakers and planners ”; and greater access to low cost or publicly available data sources (including “ open access data ”) that would increase the capacity for ongoing surveillance work, allowing for comparisons over time and across regions.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identifying mechanisms for facilitating knowledge to action strategies targeting the built environment

et al. 2017

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BackgroundIn recent years, obesity-related diseases have been on the rise globally resulting in major challenges for health systems and society as a whole. Emerging research in population health suggests that interventions targeting the built environment may help reduce the burden of obesity and type 2 diabetes. However, translation of the evidence on the built environment into effective policy and planning changes requires engagement and collaboration between multiple sectors and government agencies for designing neighborhoods that are more conducive to healthy and active living. In this study, we identified knowledge gaps and other barriers to evidence-based decision-making and policy development related to the built environment; as well as the infrastructure, processes, and mechanisms needed to drive policy changes in this area.MethodsWe conducted a qualitative thematic analysis of data collected through consultations with a broad group of stakeholders (N = 42) from Southern Ontario, Canada, within various sectors (public health, urban planning, and transportation) and levels of government (federal, provincial, and municipalities). Relevant themes were classified based on the specific phase of the knowledge-to-action cycle (research, translation, and implementation) in which they were most closely aligned.ResultsWe identified 5 themes including: 1) the need for policy-informed and actionable research (e.g. health economic analyses and policy evaluations); 2) impactful messaging that targets all relevant sectors to create the political will necessary to drive policy change; 3) common measures and tools to increase capacity for monitoring and surveillance of built environment changes; (4) intersectoral collaboration and alignment within and between levels of government to enable collective actions and provide mechanisms for sharing of resources and expertise, (5) aligning public and private sector priorities to generate public demand and support for community action; and, (6) solution-focused implementation of research that will be tailored to meet the needs of policymakers and planners. Additional research priorities and key policy and planning actions were also noted.ConclusionOur research highlights the necessity of involving stakeholders in identifying inter-sectoral solutions to develop and translate actionable research on the built environment into effective policy and planning initiatives.

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“…47 Paquet et al (2014) found the risk of developing pre-diabetes or diabetes to be lower among Australian adults living in areas with larger public open spaces and higher walkability, although no such relationships were observed for the risk of hypertension or dyslipidemia. 48 Sundquist et al (2015) observed an association between higher walkability and lower incidence of type 2 diabetes over a three-year follow-up period in Swedish adults, but this relationship did not persist after controlling for individual-level sociodemographic characteristics. 49 Examining older adults in the United States over a ten-year period, Christine et al (2015) found a lower incidence of type 2 diabetes among those with greater access to healthy food and physical activity resources.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Walkability and cardiometabolic risk factors: Cross-sectional and longitudinal associations from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis

et al. 2016

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We used data from 3,227 older adults in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (2004–2012) to explore cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between walkability and cardiometabolic risk factors. In cross-sectional analyses, linear regression was used to estimate associations of Street Smart Walk Score® with glucose, triglycerides, HDL and LDL cholesterol, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and waist circumference, while logistic regression was used to estimate associations with odds of metabolic syndrome. Econometric fixed effects models were used to estimate longitudinal associations of changes in walkability with changes in each risk factor among participants who moved residential locations between 2004 and 2012 (n=583). Most cross-sectional and longitudinal associations were small and statistically non-significant. We found limited evidence that higher walkability was cross-sectionally associated with lower blood pressure but that increases in walkability were associated with increases in triglycerides and blood pressure over time. Further research over longer time periods is needed to understand the potential for built environment interventions to improve cardiometabolic health.

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Food environment, walkability, and public open spaces are associated with incident development of cardio-metabolic risk factors in a biomedical cohort

Cited by 130 publications

References 17 publications

Should We Build Our School Here? Children’s Level of Fitness, School Site-Typology and the Built Environment

Should We Build Our School Here? Children’s Level of Fitness, School Site-Typology and the Built Environment

Identifying mechanisms for facilitating knowledge to action strategies targeting the built environment

Walkability and cardiometabolic risk factors: Cross-sectional and longitudinal associations from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis

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