Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Concentrations in Products of Animal Origin

Ryan, Eoin; Mackay, D. K. J.; Donaldson, Alex

doi:10.1111/j.1865-1682.2007.01004.x

Cited by 31 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Moreover, the spread of the disease is facilitated by the ability of the virus to survive for relatively long periods in raw meat, raw milk or outside the host [1,10,11]. Infection of cloven-hoofed animals can result in development of a carrier state in which case FMDV may be found in such animals for more than 28 days after infection [12-14], and thus may influence the epidemiology of the disease and interfere with its diagnosis and control.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of African buffalos (syncerus caffer) in the maintenance of foot-and-mouth disease in Uganda

et al. 2010

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BackgroundTo study the role of African buffalos (Syncerus caffer) in the maintenance of foot-and-mouth disease in Uganda, serum samples were collected from 207 African buffalos, 21 impalas (Aepyceros melampus), 1 giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis), 1 common eland (Taurotragus oryx), 7 hartebeests (Alcelaphus buselaphus) and 5 waterbucks (Kobus ellipsiprymnus) from four major National Parks in Uganda between 2005 and 2008. Serum samples were screened to detect antibodies against foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) non-structural proteins (NSP) using the Ceditest® FMDV NS ELISA. Solid Phase Blocking ELISAs (SPBE) were used to determine the serotype-specificity of antibodies against the seven serotypes of FMDV among the positive samples. Virus isolation and sequencing were undertaken to identify circulating viruses and determine relatedness between them.ResultsAmong the buffalo samples tested, 85% (95% CI = 80-90%) were positive for antibodies against FMDV non-structural proteins while one hartebeest sample out of seven (14.3%; 95% CI = -11.6-40.2%) was the only positive from 35 other wildlife samples from a variety of different species. In the buffalo, high serotype-specific antibody titres (≥ 80) were found against serotypes O (7/27 samples), SAT 1 (23/29 samples), SAT 2 (18/32 samples) and SAT 3 (16/30 samples). Among the samples titrated for antibodies against the four serotypes O, SAT 1, SAT 2 and SAT 3, 17/22 (77%; CI = 59.4-94.6%) had high titres against at least two serotypes.FMDV isolates of serotypes SAT 1 (1 sample) and SAT 2 (2 samples) were obtained from buffalo probang samples collected in Queen Elizabeth National Park (QENP) in 2007. Sequence analysis and comparison of VP1 coding sequences showed that the SAT 1 isolate belonged to topotype IV while the SAT 2 isolates belonged to different lineages within the East African topotype X.ConclusionsConsistent detection of high antibody titres in buffalos supports the view that African buffalos play an important role in the maintenance of FMDV infection within National Parks in Uganda. Both SAT 1 and SAT 2 viruses were isolated, and serological data indicate that it is also likely that FMDV serotypes O and SAT 3 may be present in the buffalo population. Detailed studies should be undertaken to define further the role of wildlife in the epidemiology of FMDV in East Africa.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of African buffalos (syncerus caffer) in the maintenance of foot-and-mouth disease in Uganda

et al. 2010

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“…During the viraemic phase, a blood 14 titre of 10 5.6 PFUs/mL was reported by Cottral (1969) for cattle, while a blood titre of 10 7.2 ID 50 /g was reported by Sellers (1971) for pigs and a blood titre of 10 5.0 PFUs/mL by Burrows (1968) for sheep. From the data compiled by Ryan et al (2008), it can be concluded that infective virus can still be found in animal tissues and products where high starting titres can be assumed after several months at low temperatures (below 0 ºC or 4 ºC) and after 1 month at ambient temperatures, e.g. the small and large intestines used for the production of casings), is probably dependent on the blood titres during viraemia.…”

Section: Foot and Mouth Disease Virusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on animal health risk mitigation treatments as regards imports of animal casings

2012

EFS2

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<p>Salting with NaCl for 30 days is a well-established and accepted procedure in the casings industry and it has been the standard animal health risk mitigation treatment prescribed in EU legislation for many years. This opinion reviews (i) improvements in the NaCl treatment that would lead to an increased level of safety to avoid transmission of animal pathogens, (ii) alternative treatments that could have been developed giving equivalent or better results in the inactivation of relevant pathogens, and (iii) provides an assessment of the phosphate-salt treatment recommended by OIE for foot and mouth disease virus, in particular if it could be considered safe as regards the elimination of other animal pathogens. The rate of inactivation of viruses was highly dependent on temperature for both NaCl and phosphate-NaCl treatment. Treatment with phosphate-NaCl mixture leads to faster inactivation than treatment with NaCl salt alone. Brucella species are readily inactivated by NaCl salting, but mycobacteriamay survive beyond 30 days in intestines in conditions similar to those used for salting of casings. It is recommended that casings should be treated at 20 °C for 30 days to achieve effective inactivation of animal pathogens. Several other treatments have been applied to casings with the aim of inactivating infectious agents, but none of them have been extensively investigated with viruses relevant for animal health.</p>

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“…Routes may be illegal live‐aquatic animal movements, movements of aquatic animals incubating the disease or reared under environmental conditions where the disease was not apparent, non‐live aquatic animal movements or poor implementation of import trade measures. Such trade of animal products is a recognized risk for the spread of terrestrial animal diseases, for example foot‐and‐mouth disease and classical swine fever (Williams and Matthews, 1988; MacDiarmid and Thompson, 1997; Anderson, 2002; Pharo, 2002; Ryan et al., 2008). Uncontrolled commodity trade is also recognized as a possible route for spread of aquatic animals pathogens: pilchard herpesvirus is thought to have been introduced to Australia through the import of frozen pilchards for tuna feed (Gaughan, 2002); the myxosporidian parasite Myxobolus cerebralis is believed to have been introduced into North America with frozen fish (Elson, 1969; Hoffman, 1970); and WSSV is likely to have reached the USA in frozen shrimp (Lightner et al., 1997).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of the Safety of Aquatic Animal Commodities for International Trade: The OIE Aquatic Animal Health Code

Oidtmann

Johnston

Klotins

et al. 2012

Transboundary and Emerging Diseases

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Summary Trading of aquatic animals and aquatic animal products has become increasingly globalized during the last couple of decades. This commodity trade has increased the risk for the spread of aquatic animal pathogens. The World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) is recognized as the international standard‐setting organization for measures relating to international trade in animals and animal products. In this role, OIE has developed the Aquatic Animal Health Code, which provides health measures to be used by competent authorities of importing and exporting countries to avoid the transfer of agents pathogenic for animals or humans, whilst avoiding unjustified sanitary barriers. An OIE ad hoc group developed criteria for assessing the safety of aquatic animals or aquatic animal products for any purpose from a country, zone or compartment not declared free from a given disease ‘X’. The criteria were based on the absence of the pathogenic agent in the traded commodity or inactivation of the pathogenic agent by the commercial processing used to produce the commodity. The group also developed criteria to assess the safety of aquatic animals or aquatic animal products for retail trade for human consumption from potentially infected areas. Such commodities were assessed considering the form and presentation of the product, the expected volume of waste tissues generated by the consumer and the likely presence of viable pathogenic agent in the waste. The ad hoc group applied the criteria to commodities listed in the individual disease chapters of the Aquatic Animal Health Code (2008 edition). Revised lists of commodities for which no additional measures should be required by the importing countries regardless of the status for disease X of the exporting country were developed and adopted by the OIE World Assembly of Delegates in May 2011. The rationale of the criteria and their application will be explained and demonstrated using examples.

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Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Concentrations in Products of Animal Origin

Cited by 31 publications

References 37 publications

The role of African buffalos (syncerus caffer) in the maintenance of foot-and-mouth disease in Uganda

The role of African buffalos (syncerus caffer) in the maintenance of foot-and-mouth disease in Uganda

Scientific Opinion on animal health risk mitigation treatments as regards imports of animal casings

Assessment of the Safety of Aquatic Animal Commodities for International Trade: The OIE Aquatic Animal Health Code

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