Force Requirements and Soil Disruption of Straight and Bentleg Subsoilers for Conservation Tillage Systems

Raper, R. L.

doi:10.13031/2013.19704

Cited by 28 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…As regards the vertical component F wy , Figure 11b, a peak is observed during the reference manoeuvre, which is induced by the behaviour of the implement vertical speed (Figure 10) and by the fact that the soil-implement loads depend on the speed of extraction of the implement from the soil (Equation ( 6)). The fact that F wy points downward is consistent with the literature [31] and is due to the value of the rake angle of the reference implement shanks, which is smaller than the cross-over value discussed by Goodwin [22,24]. Furthermore, the sign of the moment of the resultant about the point P lad , Figure 11c, indicates that the line of pull lies below P lad when the implement working depth is maximum, whereas when the working depth is minimum, the horizontal component of the resultant decreases significantly, causing the line of pull to move rearward with respect to P lad and, ultimately, the moment M w to be negative.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

A Computational Tool for Three-Point Hitch Geometry Optimisation Based on Weight-Transfer Minimisation

et al. 2022

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The weight-transfer effect, consisting of the change in dynamic load distribution between the front and the rear tractor axles, is one of the most impairing phenomena for the performance, comfort, and safety of agricultural operations. Excessive weight transfer from the front to the rear tractor axle can occur during operation or manoeuvring of implements connected to the tractor through the three-point hitch (TPH). In this respect, an optimal design of the TPH can ensure better dynamic load distribution and ultimately improve operational performance, comfort, and safety. In this study, a computational tool (the Optimiser) for the determination of a TPH geometry which minimises the weight-transfer effect is developed. The Optimiser is based on a constrained minimisation algorithm. The objective function to be minimized is related to the tractor front-to-rear axle load transfer during a simulated reference manoeuvre performed with a reference implement on a reference soil. Simulations are based on a dynamic model of the tractor-TPH-implement aggregate. The geometry determined by the Optimiser complies with the ISO-730 Standard functional requirements and other design requirements. The interaction between the soil and the implement during the simulated reference manoeuvre was successfully validated against experimental data. The simulation results show that the adopted reference manoeuvre is effective in triggering the weight-transfer effect, with the front axle load exhibiting a peak-to-peak value of 27.1 kN during the manoeuvre. A benchmark test was conducted starting from the geometry of a commercially available TPH; the test showed that the Optimiser, after 36 iterations, was able to find an optimised TPH geometry which allows to reduce the weight-transfer effect by 14.9%.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

A Computational Tool for Three-Point Hitch Geometry Optimisation Based on Weight-Transfer Minimisation

et al. 2022

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“…AIN = a1t 2 + a2t + a3 (11) Table 6 describes the detailed fitting results under different h values with a coefficient of determination (R 2 ) of >0.998. In the same way, h was fitted using the coefficients of t under different subsoiling treatments (R 2 values were all greater than 0.97), and then substituted into Equation (10) to obtain the mathematical model between AIN, t, and h (Equation ( 12)). AIN = (−0.0002h 2 + 0.0453h + 6.1008)t 2 + (−0.0002h 2 + 0.0308h + 3.9044h)t The AIN and infiltration time (t) can be approximated using the following function.…”

Section: Effect Of Wing Mounting Height On Accumulative Infiltrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Spoor and Godwin [6] investigated the effect of wing length on tillage resistance and soil disturbance area. Raper [10] compared the tillage performance of several column-type subsoilers from Kelley Manufacturing Co. (Tifton, GA, USA) and found that adding different wings to the shank more or less increased the specific draft force of subsoilers. A study from Li et al [7] showed that both draught force and soil disturbance Agronomy 2023, 13, 2742 2 of 13 area increased with the addition of two wings to a column subsoiler.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Xia [9] found that wing mounting angle and mounting height significantly affected the shape of the furrow profile disturbed by the winged subsoiler. Reducing top layer soil disturbance and increasing hardpan disturbance during subsoiling operations are often identified as methods to conserve soil and preserve soil water [10][11][12][13][14]. However, differences in the density of the top layer at different locations can be reduced by completely disturbing the top layer soil, which helps to prepare a good seedbed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of Subsoiling with Different Wing Mounting Heights on Soil Water Infiltration Using HYDRUS-2D Simulations

Wang,

Geng,

Zhou

et al. 2023

Agronomy

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Subsoiling is an essential practice in conservation tillage technology. The amount of disturbed soil at various depths resulting from subsoilers with different parameters has an important effect on soil properties (e.g., bulk density and water infiltration). The information regarding the effects of subsoiling on the characteristics of soil water infiltration is essential for the design of subsoiling tools. In this study, the effects of the wing mounting height (h) (75–155 mm) of the subsoiler on soil disturbance and soil water infiltration were modelled using HYDRUS-2D and validated using field experiments. Results showed that reducing h values resulted in larger soil disturbance area ratios, soil water infiltration rates (f(t)), distances of vertical wetting front movement (DVWs), accumulative infiltrations (AINs), and soil moisture contents at depths of 10–30 cm. The relationships among characteristics of soil water infiltration, h and time (t), were developed. The stable infiltration rates (fs) varied quadratically with h and the corresponding coefficient of determination (R2) was 0.9869. The Horton model is more suitable for describing the relationship between f(t) and t under the tested soil conditions, as compared with the Kostiakov and Philip models. According to the results of soil water content at different depths from the HYDRUS simulations and field experiments, the developed soil water infiltration model had a good accuracy, as indicated by RMSEs of <0.05, R2 values of >0.95, and mean relative errors of <12%. The Above results indicated that increasing the hardpan disturbance by optimizing wing parameters of the subsoiler could improve soil water infiltration characteristics.

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“…A number of studies have been performed on the various factors that affect the draft force of agricultural tractors, either through field experiments in soil bin test beds or in real agricultural environments. Raper [3] studied an analysis of minimum draft force generation as a function of subsoil geometry through soil bin tests, and the results showed that, the lesser the resistance of a bent shank compared to a straight shank, the more soil breakdown occurs. Kim et al [4] conducted a study to analyze the effects of tillage depth and gear selection on the mechanical load and fuel efficiency of agricultural tractors during plow tillage.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Development of a Draft Force Prediction Model for Agricultural Tractors Based on the Discrete Element Method in Loam and Clay Loam

Bae,

Kim,

Kim

et al. 2023

Agriculture

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In the field of agricultural machinery, various empirical field tests are conducted to measure design loads for the optimal design and implementation of tractors. However, conducting field tests is costly and time-consuming, with many constraints on weather and field soil conditions, and research utilizing simulations has been proposed as an alternative to overcome these shortcomings. The objective of this study is to develop a DEM-based draft force prediction model that reflects differences in soil properties. For this, soil property measurements were conducted in two fields (Field A in Daejeon, Republic of Korea, and Field B in Chuncheon, Republic of Korea). The measured properties were used as parameters for DEM-based particle modeling. For the interparticle contact model, the EEPA contact model was used to reflect the compressibility and stickiness of cohesive soils. To generate an environment similar to real soil, particle mass and surface energy were calibrated based on bulk density and shear torque. The soil property measurements showed that Field B had a higher shear strength and lower cone index and moisture content compared to Field A. The actual measured draft force was 19.47% higher in Field B than in Field A. In this study, this demonstrates the uncertainty in predicting draft force by correlating only one soil property and suggests the need for a comprehensive consideration of soil properties. The simulation results of the tillage operation demonstrated the accuracy of the predicted shedding force compared to the actual field experiment and the existing theoretical calculation method (ASABE D497.4). Compared to the measured draft force in the actual field test, the predictions were 86.75% accurate in Field A and 74.51% accurate in Field B, which is 84% more accurate in Field A and 37.32% more accurate in Field B than the theoretical calculation method. This result shows that load prediction should reflect the soil properties of the working environment, and is expected to be used as an indicator of soil–tool interaction for digital twin modeling processes in the research field of bio-industrial machinery.

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Force Requirements and Soil Disruption of Straight and Bentleg Subsoilers for Conservation Tillage Systems

Cited by 28 publications

References 5 publications

A Computational Tool for Three-Point Hitch Geometry Optimisation Based on Weight-Transfer Minimisation

A Computational Tool for Three-Point Hitch Geometry Optimisation Based on Weight-Transfer Minimisation

Effects of Subsoiling with Different Wing Mounting Heights on Soil Water Infiltration Using HYDRUS-2D Simulations

The Development of a Draft Force Prediction Model for Agricultural Tractors Based on the Discrete Element Method in Loam and Clay Loam

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