Force transmission via axial tendons in undulating fish: a dynamic analysis

Long, John H.; Adcock, Bruce; Root, Robert G.

doi:10.1016/s1095-6433(02)00211-8

Cited by 71 publications

(72 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…We have introduced a novel muscle model primarily because the existing models for muscle behaviour during swimming do not provide the metabolic power consumption information [9][10][11][12]. Our model of muscle behaviour considers the contraction velocity v(x,t) and the required contraction force F musc (x,t) as primary quantities, which avoids relying on a still uncertain and variable relationship between F musc and neural activity [15][16][17] as was done in previous studies [9][10][11][12].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The muscle cross section A m (x) is a small portion m 0 (m 0 (x) ¼ 2A m (x)/A(x)) of the body cross section A(x) [9,25].…”

Section: Model Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The contraction velocity v(x,t) of superficial muscle fibres (measured in lengths per second) can be determined from the time rate of change of fibre strain, which in turn can be determined from the curvature of the neutral line alone [9,15,24,32]. Based on a simple beam theory [15,24],…”

Section: (D) Muscle Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Mathematical models of muscle behaviour during swimming have mostly been developed to study the muscle response to a given neural activation [9][10][11][12], with model parameters being often fine-tuned for particular species [12][13][14]. The actuation-response relationship varies widely among species [15][16][17], making these models unsuitable for the optimization of morphological traits of a generic organism.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Optimal shape and motion of undulatory swimming organisms

Tokić

Yue

2012

Proc. R. Soc. B.

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Undulatory swimming animals exhibit diverse ranges of body shapes and motion patterns and are often considered as having superior locomotory performance. The extent to which morphological traits of swimming animals have evolved owing to primarily locomotion considerations is, however, not clear. To shed some light on that question, we present here the optimal shape and motion of undulatory swimming organisms obtained by optimizing locomotive performance measures within the framework of a combined hydrodynamical, structural and novel muscular model. We develop a muscular model for periodic muscle contraction which provides relevant kinematic and energetic quantities required to describe swimming. Using an evolutionary algorithm, we performed a multi-objective optimization for achieving maximum sustained swimming speed U and minimum cost of transport (COT)-two conflicting locomotive performance measures that have been conjectured as likely to increase fitness for survival. Starting from an initial population of random characteristics, our results show that, for a range of size scales, fishlike body shapes and motion indeed emerge when U and COT are optimized. Inherent boundary-layerdependent allometric scaling between body mass and kinematic and energetic quantities of the optimal populations is observed. The trade-off between U and COT affects the geometry, kinematics and energetics of swimming organisms. Our results are corroborated by empirical data from swimming animals over nine orders of magnitude in size, supporting the notion that optimizing U and COT could be the driving force of evolution in many species.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The muscle cross section A m (x) is a small portion m 0 (m 0 (x) ¼ 2A m (x)/A(x)) of the body cross section A(x) [9,25].…”

Section: Model Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: (D) Muscle Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Optimal shape and motion of undulatory swimming organisms

Tokić

Yue

2012

Proc. R. Soc. B.

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“…Scales are most commonly arranged in overlapping sheets that allow for smooth motion of the body for locomotion while ensuring full coverage for protection from predators [13,180]. This overlapping pattern minimizes drag to ease swimming by regulating wave propagation about the body [184][185][186]. While scales can vary greatly in size, shape and arrangement from species to species, they have been classified into three relevant general groups: placoid, elasmoid (with two sub-groups: cycloid and ctenoid) and cosmoid [13,180].…”

Section: Overlapping Fish Scalesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structure and mechanical properties of selected protective systems in marine organisms

Naleway

Taylor

Porter

et al. 2016

Materials Science and Engineering: C

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Structure and Mechanical Performance of a “Modern” Fish Scale

et al. 2011

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Protective materials and structures found in natural organisms may inspire new armors with improved resistance to penetration, flexibility, light weight, and other interesting properties such as transparency and breathability. All these attributes can be found in teleost fish scales, which are the most common types of scales in modern fish species. In this work, we have studied the structure and mechanics of fish scales from striped bass (Morone saxatilis). This scale is about 200–300 µm thick and consists of a hard outer bony layer supported by a softer cross‐ply of collagen fibrils. Perforation tests with a sharp needle indicated that a single fish scale provides a high resistance to penetration which is superior to polystyrene and polycarbonate, two engineering polymers that are typically used for light transparent packaging or protective equipment. Under puncture, the scale undergoes a sequence of two distinct failure events: First, the outer bony layer cracks following a well defined cross‐like pattern which generates four “flaps” of bony material. The deflection of the flaps by the needle is resisted by the collagen layer, which in biaxial tension acts as a retaining membrane. Remarkably this second stage of the penetration process is highly stable, so that an additional 50% penetration force is required to eventually puncture the collagen layer. The combination of a hard layer that can fail in a controlled fashion with a soft and extensible backing layer is the key to the resistance to penetration of individual scales.

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Force transmission via axial tendons in undulating fish: a dynamic analysis

Cited by 71 publications

References 48 publications

Optimal shape and motion of undulatory swimming organisms

Optimal shape and motion of undulatory swimming organisms

Structure and mechanical properties of selected protective systems in marine organisms

Structure and Mechanical Performance of a “Modern” Fish Scale

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