“…Put differently, the US–Zimbabwe relations during the period under review were not necessarily cordial because they were marked by disagreements and censure of the latter’s domestic conduct by the former. This perspective is useful because scholars on Zimbabwean foreign policy such as Chimanikire (2003) and Chan and Patel (2006) are in agreement that although aided by other stakeholders such as the Politburo and the Central Committee of ZANU-PF, the cabinet, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Office of the President and Cabinet plus the Central Intelligence Organisation, additional ministries, Parliament, the central bank, and parastatals, ‘the chief maker and articulator of Zimbabwe’s foreign policy’ was President Robert Mugabe (Chan and Patel 2006: 175–176). As a result, a reflection of the Zimbabwean leadership’s stance on the US and vice versa better expressed in the context of the sanctions imposed on the Zimbabwean leadership by the US better explains the US–Zimbabwe relations.…”