Formation of a solid solution of ZnO : Mn2+ during mechanical treatment of oxides mixture

Origin and evolution of paramagnetic states in mixtures of ZnO and carbon nanoparticles during intensive mechanical treatment

“…Early formation of sextets (g = 2.0008(5), A = 74.1(3) 9 10 -4 cm -1 , and D = 30(10) 9 10 -4 cm -1 ) was observed in mixtures of ZnO ? xMnO 2 during long-time MP (Kakazey et al 2008). This sextet was attributed to the existence of a secondary phase on the surface of the ZnO nanoparticles.…”

“…Many of the EPR properties of ZnO and carbon materials are known (Schallenberger and Hausmann 1976;Galland and Herve 1974;Geisler and Simmons 1964;Ischenko et al 2005;Vlasenko 2010; Kaftelen et al 2012;Hoffmann and Hahn 1974;Halliburton et al 2005;Vanheusden et al 1997;Beuneu et al 1999;Barklie 2001;Arcon et al 2006;Kakazey et al 2001Kakazey et al , 2002Kakazey et al , 2008Abragam and Bleaney 2012). In this study, the microstructural evolution and reaction processes in the mixture of ZnO ?…”

Kinetics of physico-chemical processes during intensive mechanical processing of ZnO–MnO2 powder mixture

“…Signals from V À Zn : Zn 0 i centers (I) and from V À Zn centers (II), which are usually observed during the destruction of pure ZnO or ZnO with small amount of MnO 2 (see Fig. 6 for samples of 99% ZnOþ1% b-MnO 2 and 90% ZnOþ10% b-MnO 2 [25,26,[38][39][40][41]) were not observed in samples of 50% ZnOþ50% b-MnO 2 (Fig. 6).…”

“…However, Bartolome et al. [24] and Kakazey et al [25,26] not observed a ferromagnetic state induced in the system by ball milling. The authors of a review article [27] concluded that the combination ofmicroscopic defects and delicate point like defects created upon energy impact in ZnO leads to weak ferromagnetic properties.…”

“…Kakazey et al [29] Contents lists available at ScienceDirect also reported solubility lower than 3%. The formation of the solid solution ZnO:Mn 2 þ during prolonged mechanical processing (MP) of powder mixtures of ZnOþ 1%wt MnO 2 and ZnO þ10%wt MnO 2 were observed by electron paramagnetic resonance spectra by Kakazey et al [25,26]. They also observed that the solubility of Mn 2 þ ions in ZnO particles after intense MP-process was not more than 3%.…”