Formation of Engineered Bone with Adipose Stromal Cells from Buccal Fat Pad

Abstract

A robust method for inducing bone formation from adipose-derived stromal cells (ADSCs) has not been established. Moreover, the efficacy of strong osteogenic inducers including BMP-2 for ADSC-mediated bone engineering remains controversial. Meanwhile, the buccal fat pad (BFP), which is found in the oral cavity as an adipose-encapsulated mass, has been shown to have potential as a new accessible source of ADSCs for oral surgeons. However, to date, there have been no reports that define the practical usefulness of ADSCs from BFP (B-ADSCs) for bone engineering. Here, we report an efficient method of generating bone from B-ADSCs using rhBMP-2. The analyses show that B-ADSCs can differentiate in vitro toward the osteoblastic lineage by the addition of rhBMP-2 to culture medium, regardless of the presence of osteoinductive reagents (OSR), as demonstrated by measurements of ALP activity, in vitro calcification, and osteogenic gene expression. Interestingly, adipogenic genes were clearly detectable only in cultures with rhBMP-2 and OSR. However, in vivo bone formation was most substantial when B-ADSCs cultured in this condition were transplanted. Thus, B-ADSCs reliably formed engineered bone when pre-treated with rhBMP-2 for inducing mature osteoblastic differentiation. This study supports the potential translation for B-ADSC use in the clinical treatment of bone defects.

Buccal Fat Pad as a Potential Source of Stem Cells for Bone Regeneration: A Literature Review

“…A total of 10 articles met the inclusion criteria and were included in the analysis (Figure 1). Of these 10 studies, seven were conducted in vitro [9, 12–17], and the other three were conducted both in vitro and in vivo [10, 11, 18]. …”

“…Under appropriate conditions, AdSCs derived from BFP (BFPSCs) have been shown to differentiate into chondrocytes, osteoblasts, or adipocytes in vitro [9]. Moreover, Shiraishi et al reported that BFPSCs can form engineered bone in the back subcutaneous pockets of nude mice [10]. Khojasteh and Sadeghi recently used BFPSCs in conjunction with iliac bone block grafts and showed an increase in the amount of new bone formation and a decrease in secondary bone resorption in extensively atrophic jaws [11].…”

“…These cells possess high potential for regeneration of the bone and periodontal tissues [10, 12]. Therefore, BFP could be considered as a potential cell source for bone engineering in oral and craniofacial areas since it is easy to harvest and provides a proper quantity of tissue for cell isolation.…”

Porcine adipose-derived stem cells from buccal fat pad and subcutaneous adipose tissue for future preclinical studies in oral surgery

“…In addition, BFP is a discarded tissue of plastic surgery for cheek reduction. Recent studies showed that human ASCs isolated from the BFP possess all the suitable characteristics for bone tissue engineering, both in vitro [21] and in vivo [22]. Despite the known low immunogenicity of human ASCs, which suggests theoretically their use in preclinical models, we are required to test their safety when implanted in a homologous setting.…”

rhPDGF-BB Via ERK Pathway Osteogenesis and Adipogenesis Balancing in ADSCs for Critical-Sized Calvarial Defect Repair

“…Thus, it is essential to use robust bioactive growth factors as inducers to enhance ADSC osteogenic differentiation during bone regeneration. 10 PDGF-BB, a member of the PDGF family, has exhibited effects on enhancing both proliferation and osteogenesis. 11 More importantly, PDGF-BB is FDA approved for use in the treatment of local periodontal defects and diabetic ulcers.…”