Formation of Tobacco-Specific Nitrosamines (TSNA) During Air-Curing: Conditions and Control

Staaf, M; Back, Seung-Jun; Wiernik, A; Wahlberg, Inger; Long, RC; Young, JH

doi:10.2478/cttr-2013-0798

Cited by 11 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Comparing analytical data for smokeless tobacco products marketed in the U.S. and Sweden in the early eighties of the last century and today shows convincingly that the reduction of the potentially carcinogenic TSNAs was possible (67). Changes in the fertilization methods during tobacco cultivation, modification of the curing process and exact control -or even abandonment -of fermentation in combination with pasteurization were the measures for achieving this goal (47,48,49,50,65,174,181). The importance of controlling the agents of concern in smokeless tobacco was emphasized by SAVITZ et al (182) as a prerequisite for implementing a harm reduction strategy by promoting a product (smokeless tobacco) that still has adverse health consequences as a substitute for one (cigarettes) that has more severe adverse health consequences.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nitrite itself is not a natural tobacco constituent. It may be formed from nitrate by anaerobic microorganisms during air curing (47,48,49). The nitrogen oxides, which contribute to the generation of TSNAs especially in Virginia tobaccos (50), may arise from direct heating techniques during flue curing and from fire curing.…”

Section: Chemical Composition and Toxicological Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Smokeless Tobacco - An Overview

Klus¹,

Kunze²,

Koenig³

et al. 2009

Beiträge Zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research

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Smoking, especially cigarette smoking, is the most common form of tobacco consumption world-wide. It is generally accepted that smoking carries health risks for smokers. The combustion and pyrolysis products of tobacco generated during smoking are considered to be responsible for the harmful effects. Smokeless tobacco, another wide-spread form of tobacco use, is not subjected to burning and produces no combustion or pyrolysis products. Therefore, there is an increasingly intense debate about the potential role of smokeless tobacco in reducing the harm of tobacco use.An overview is presented on the different types of smokeless tobaccos consumed around the world. Commercial products differ widely in composition and patterns of use. The smokeless tobaccos of the Western world (Europe and North America) need to be clearly distinguished from those popular in Asia, Africa and South America. The modern smokeless tobaccos used in Europe and North America are reviewed regarding their chemical composition and toxicological properties. Agents of concern found in smokeless tobacco, especially the tobacco specific N-nitrosamines, are dealt with in particular.The epidemiological evidence is summarized concerning a wide range of health outcomes. Published reviews and studies are presented and interpreted regarding non-neoplastic oral diseases, various forms of cancer, circulatory diseases, several other diseases and pregnancy outcome. While many of the epidemiological studies have weaknesses and data are often inconsistent it is quite obvious that smokeless tobacco use is much less risky for consumers than smoking. In fact, for modern forms of European moist snuff such as Swedish snus, which is subject to strict quality standards, there is evidence for - if any - only very limited serious health risk.The ongoing public discussion centers around the influence smokeless tobacco may have on smoking rates (initiation or cessation) and the occurrence of tobacco specific diseases - with Sweden being a revealing example. There is an interesting controversy regarding product and marketing regulations for smokeless tobaccos in the European Union.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Chemical Composition and Toxicological Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Smokeless Tobacco - An Overview

Klus¹,

Kunze²,

Koenig³

et al. 2009

Beiträge Zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Structurally related minor alkaloids presenting in tobacco leaves, tobacco products and cigarette smoke are anatabine, anabasine, mysomine, cotinine, nicotelline, nicotyrine, N ‐formylnornicotine and 2,3‐bipyridyl . During the tobacco curing process, tobacco alkaloids can react with nitrogen oxides to form tobacco specific nitrosamines . 4‐(Methylnitrosamino)‐1‐(3‐pyridyl)‐1‐butanone (NNK) is the nitrosated product of nicotine, N ‐nitrosonornicotine (NNN) is the nitrosated product of nornicotine, and N ‐nitrosoanabasine (NAB) and N ‐nitrosoanatabine (NAT) are the nitrosated products of anabasine and anatabine, respectively .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simultaneous determination of tobacco minor alkaloids and tobacco‐specific nitrosamines in mainstream smoke by dispersive solid‐phase extraction coupled with ultra‐performance liquid chromatography/tandem orbitrap mass spectrometry

Zhang

Wang²,

Zhang

et al. 2018

Rapid Comm Mass Spectrometry

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“…The findings were evaluated in experiments involving seed selection, modified cultivation and curing methods [30-32]. It was also secured that the heat treatment did not lead to increased levels of TSNAs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Swedish snus and the GothiaTek® standard

Rutqvist¹,

Curvall²,

Hassler³

et al. 2011

Harm Reduct J

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Some smokeless tobacco products, such as Swedish snus, are today considered to be associated with substantially fewer health hazards than cigarettes. This risk differential has contributed to the scientific debate about the possibilities of harm reduction within the tobacco area. Although current manufacturing methods for snus build on those that were introduced more than a century ago, the low levels of unwanted substances in modern Swedish snus are largely due to improvements in production techniques and selection of raw materials in combination with several programs for quality assurance and quality control. These measures have been successively introduced during the past 30-40 years. In the late 1990s they formed the basis for a voluntary quality standard for Swedish snus named GothiaTek®. In recent years the standard has been accepted by the members of the trade organization European Smokeless Tobacco Council (ESTOC) so it has now evolved into an industrial standard for all smokeless tobacco products in Europe.The initial impetus for the mentioned changes of the production was quality problems related to microbial activity and formation of ammonia and nitrite in the finished products. Other contributing factors were that snus came under the jurisdiction of the Swedish Food Act in 1971, and concerns that emerged in the 1960s and 1970s about health effects of tobacco, and the significance of agrochemical residues and other potential toxicants in food stuffs.This paper summarizes the historical development of the manufacture of Swedish snus, describes the chemical composition of modern snus, and gives the background and rationale for the GothiaTek® standard, including the selection of constituents for which the standard sets limits. The paper also discusses the potential future of this voluntary standard in relation to current discussions about tobacco harm reduction and regulatory science in tobacco control.

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Formation of Tobacco-Specific Nitrosamines (TSNA) During Air-Curing: Conditions and Control

Cited by 11 publications

References 5 publications

Smokeless Tobacco - An Overview

Smokeless Tobacco - An Overview

Simultaneous determination of tobacco minor alkaloids and tobacco‐specific nitrosamines in mainstream smoke by dispersive solid‐phase extraction coupled with ultra‐performance liquid chromatography/tandem orbitrap mass spectrometry

Swedish snus and the GothiaTek® standard

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