Framework for Evaluating the Impact of Water Chemistry Changes in Full-Scale Drinking Water Distribution Networks on Lead Concentrations at the Tap

Maheshwari, Abhilasha; Abokifa, Ahmed A.; Biswas, Pratim; Gudi, Ravindra D.

doi:10.1061/(asce)ee.1943-7870.0001738

Cited by 8 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…17 Maintaining the disinfectant concentration is important, as a decrease in disinfectant can increase the dissolved lead. 22 DIC can also affect the release of lead into drinking water. Adding 10 mg/L DIC initially lowers lead carbonate solubility, but the solubility increases after 50 mg/L DIC was added.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…7,17,22 Disinfectants such as free chlorine and chloramine affect the lead scale stability. Free chlorine oxidizes Pb(II) to Pb(IV), which is more stable, 22,23 whereas chloramine accelerates the dissolution of plattnerite in water. 17 Maintaining the disinfectant concentration is important, as a decrease in disinfectant can increase the dissolved lead.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Water chemistry parameters such as pH, disinfectant, and DIC can contribute to lead corrosion scale formation and stability. The pH of drinking water fluctuates based on many variables, but increasing the pH is important for stabilizing lead corrosion scales containing hydrocerussite or PbO 2 . ,, Disinfectants such as free chlorine and chloramine affect the lead scale stability. Free chlorine oxidizes Pb(II) to Pb(IV), which is more stable, , whereas chloramine accelerates the dissolution of plattnerite in water .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The pH of drinking water fluctuates based on many variables, but increasing the pH is important for stabilizing lead corrosion scales containing hydrocerussite or PbO 2 . ,, Disinfectants such as free chlorine and chloramine affect the lead scale stability. Free chlorine oxidizes Pb(II) to Pb(IV), which is more stable, , whereas chloramine accelerates the dissolution of plattnerite in water . Maintaining the disinfectant concentration is important, as a decrease in disinfectant can increase the dissolved lead .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Electrochemical Quantification of Lead Scale Particulates in Drinking Water

Dangel,

Huseinov,

Hoque

et al. 2024

ACS EST Water

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Lead contamination in drinking water can be caused by various types of lead: lead ions, soluble lead complexes, and lead particulates. Traditional detection methods such as inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) and atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) can detect all types of lead because of sample preparation. Nevertheless, these methods are expensive and require trained personnel. As electrochemical techniques are less expensive, portable, and easy to use, they are a promising alternative for lead detection in drinking water. However, electrochemistry is typically only able to detect lead ions. In this work, lead scales collected from a lead pipe are characterized to determine the types of lead compounds present within the lead corrosion scale. Subsequently, membrane electrolysis (ME) is used to acidify a drinking water solution containing lead corrosion scales, allowing for the dissociation of the particulate lead into lead ions. Square-wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV) is then applied to determine the current associated with the lead ions being stripped off the working electrode, which originated from the particulates in the scales. Standard addition is used to determine the concentration of lead associated with the current response. This technique is compared to ICP-MS, and the relative errors between the two methods show that ME combined with SWASV is a viable approach for detecting lead contamination in drinking water due to lead corrosion scales.

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Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Electrochemical Quantification of Lead Scale Particulates in Drinking Water

Dangel,

Huseinov,

Hoque

et al. 2024

ACS EST Water

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“…A parcel of water stagnating inside of a lead pipe can reach equilibrium with the pipe scales and can also carry any detached particulate lead based on the physical stability of the scale layer. Predicted dissolved lead concentrations in equilibrium with dominant lead-containing solids in pipe scales have been used to understand the dynamics of lead release in LSLs. − Limitations in the solubility model resulting in discrepancies between the scales predicted to form and those actually seen in the LSLs have also been noted . While many studies have observed the predicted solid as the most dominant phase of lead inside the pipe, − ,− several have shown a high probability of multiple phases co-existing within an LSL. ,, Hydrocerussite (Pb 3 (CO 3 ) 2 (OH) 2 ) and cerussite (PbCO 3 ) are the most commonly seen phases of lead(II)-based solids along with litharge (PbO). ,,,− Lead phosphate solids can occur only in phosphate-receiving systems. ,,, …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimating Lead Concentrations in Drinking Water after Stagnation in Lead Service Lines Using Water Quality Data from across the United States

Mishrra

Johnson

Giammar

2021

Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett.

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Water samples collected sequentially from a tap can have lead concentrations that vary as a result of differences in pipe materials in contact with water during stagnation. The revised Lead and Copper Rule will require a 5th liter sample instead of a 1st liter sample for monitoring lead at residences with lead service lines. However, there is limited information regarding the extent to which the 1st and 5th liter lead concentrations will differ. From a pool of published sequential sampling data, the 5th liter lead was higher than the 1st liter lead in 77% of the studies. A national database was created with 90th percentile 1st liter lead and water quality for 434 very large public water systems in the United States in 2019. A solubility-based model estimated the dissolved lead concentrations in equilibrium with lead corrosion products predicted to form in these systems. The predicted equilibrium lead concentrations exceeded the 90th percentile 1st liter lead in 98.9% of systems that reported both pH and alkalinity. For the pool of published sequential sampling data, the predicted equilibrium lead concentrations were closer to the measured 5th liter than 1st liter lead.

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