Free‐electron metal alloys: a study by high‐energy XPS

Abstract

In an extension of previous work on charge redistribution phenomena in aluminium transition metals alloys, high-energy x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was performed on alloys prepared with elements having sp-dominated band structure, specifically aluminium, magnesium and silicon, and the alloys Al-2.5Mg, Al-25Mg, Al-10Si and Al-50Si have been investigated. This work was performed using an ESCA300 spectrometer fitted with a Cr Kb source (hn = 5946.7 eV).Examination of the final-and initial-state Auger parameters shows that very little variation occurs in the alloys compared with pure elemental solids and that the values obtained are very close to being within experimental error. Examination of the plasmon energies and intensities, however, shows that the main variations are obtained for alloys forming a discrete phase upon alloying (intermetallic phase) as opposed to alloys forming solid solutions or those precipitating pure metallic phases on cooling. The Al-25Mg alloy contains the Al 3 Mg 2 (b) phase. This phase contributes towards the variation of the effective cell volume of Mg and Al compared with the pure metals and is consistent with an increase and a decrease of their respective plasmon energies.

A Perspective of the Design and Development of Metallic Ultra-High Temperature Materials: Refractory Metal Intermetallic Composites, Refractory Complex Concentrated Alloys and Refractory High Entropy Alloys

“…Similarly with the design of steels, light metal alloys (Al, Mg, Ti-based) or superalloys, NICE uses the results of first-principles calculations for phase equilibria data and phase diagrams and the results of experimental studies of alloying behaviour of transition metal (TM) and simple metal alloys, e.g., [22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37]. Within the framework of NICE are developed thermodynamic descriptions in new "composition spaces" to guide alloy developers to design alloys for high-temperature applications, e.g., [38][39][40].…”

“…It means "work together". Type of bonding transfer of charge that nowadays are studied with first-principles electronic structure methods or experimentally, e.g., [29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][50][51][52], are examples of how elements work together, i.e., are in synergy. Superalloys and steels are different groups of alloys (poleis/cities) whose differences (different cultures, see Appendix A) are exposed by their properties (distinguishing characteristics, distinctive attributes) that their elements (persons/πρóσωπα/citizens) and phases (associations, friendships, families) bring about/give rise/produce.…”

The development of laboratory‐based high energy sources for XPS

“…Al1s, 39 V1s, 39,40 Si1s, 41,42 Mo2p3/2 41 Nb2p3/2, 43 Ti1s, 44,45 and their attendant Auger transitions. The work made extensive use of both the final and initial state Auger parameters (AP and ξ above, respectively).…”

“…The access to deeper core levels in a series of metals lead Tsakiropoulos and Watts to apply the CrKβ source to a series of aluminium‐based metal physics investigations relating to the study of charge transfer on alloy formation using the newly available core levels; Al1s, 39 V1s, 39,40 Si1s, 41,42 Mo2p3/2 41 Nb2p3/2, 43 Ti1s, 44,45 and their attendant Auger transitions. The work made extensive use of both the final and initial state Auger parameters (AP and ξ above, respectively).…”