Free‐Living Waterfowl and Shorebirds

Mulcahy, Daniel M.

doi:10.1002/9781118792919.ch29

Cited by 8 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 142 publications

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“…We are unsure as to why the ducks did not obtain deeper levels of anesthesia, but another consideration is the amount of stress during manual handling. Avian species with higher amounts of stress are more likely to resist anesthetic induction than less stressed (Mulcahy, ). This factor warrants additional investigation for accurate dosing and assessing hemodynamic and physiologic status, which could help determine the use of alfaxalone in semi‐aquatic avian species.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…All ducks were weighed immediately before dosing and assigned into either an IV or IM group and manually handled as per techniques that have been described by Mulcahy (Mulcahy, 2014).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…All ducks received no additional injectable drugs during the study or alfaxalone in any other route of administration. All ducks were weighed immediately before dosing and assigned into either an IV or IM group and manually handled as per techniques that have been described by Mulcahy (Mulcahy, ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Another possible reason for decreased sedative effects compared to other animals is the route of administration. Intramuscular administration of many anesthetic agents in mallard ducks has resulted in inadequate sedation due to poor drug uptake from the pectoral musculature (Mulcahy, 2014).…”

Section: Pharmacodynamicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of alfaxalone after a single intramuscular or intravascular injection in mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos)

Kruse

Messenger

Bowman

et al. 2019

Vet Pharm & Therapeutics

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Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of alfaxalone was performed in mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) after single bolus injections of 10 mg/kg administered intramuscularly (IM; n = 10) or intravenously (IV; n = 10), in a randomized cross‐over design with a washout period between doses. Mean (±SD) Cmax following IM injection was 1.6 (±0.8) µg/ml with Tmax at 15.0 (±10.5) min. Area under the curve (AUC) was 84.66 and 104.58 min*mg/ml following IV and IM administration, respectively. Volume of distribution (VD) after IV dose was 3.0 L/kg. The mean plasma clearance after 10 mg/kg IV was 139.5 (±67.9) ml min−1 kg−1. Elimination half‐lives (mean [±SD]) were 15.0 and 16.1 (±3.0) min following IV and IM administration, respectively. Mean bioavailability at 10 mg/kg IM was 108.6%. None of the ducks achieved a sufficient anesthetic depth for invasive procedures, such as surgery, to be performed. Heart and respiratory rates measured after administration remained stable, but many ducks were hyperexcitable during recovery. Based on sedation levels and duration, alfaxalone administered at dosages of 10 mg/kg IV or IM in mallard ducks does not induce clinically acceptable anesthesia.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…All ducks were weighed immediately before dosing and assigned into either an IV or IM group and manually handled as per techniques that have been described by Mulcahy (Mulcahy, 2014).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Pharmacodynamicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of alfaxalone after a single intramuscular or intravascular injection in mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos)

Kruse

Messenger

Bowman

et al. 2019

Vet Pharm & Therapeutics

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“…For the mechanics experiments, bar-headed and barnacle geese were anesthetized with isoflurane (1-5%), and Andean geese were anesthetized with intravenous propofol in the field as described by Mulcahy (2007). Experiments were conducted as described by York et al (2017).…”

Section: Materials and Methods Respiratory Mechanicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Respiratory mechanics and morphology of Tibetan and Andean high-altitude geese with divergent life histories

York

Scadeng

McCracken

et al. 2017

Journal of Experimental Biology

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High-altitude bar-headed geese (Anser indicus) and Andean geese (Chloephaga melanoptera) have been shown to preferentially increase tidal volume over breathing frequency when increasing ventilation during exposure to hypoxia. Increasing tidal volume is a more effective breathing strategy but is also thought to be more mechanically and metabolically expensive. We asked whether there might be differences in the mechanics or morphology of the respiratory systems of high-altitude transient bar-headed geese and high-altitude resident Andean geese that could minimize the cost of breathing more deeply. We compared these two species with a lowaltitude migratory species, the barnacle goose (Branta leucopsis). We ventilated anesthetized birds to measure mechanical properties of the respiratory system and used CT scans to quantify respiratory morphology. We found that the respiratory system of Andean geese was disproportionately larger than that of the other two species, allowing use of a deeper breathing strategy for the same energetic cost. The relative size of the respiratory system, especially the caudal air sacs, of bar-headed geese was also larger than that of barnacle geese. However, when normalized to respiratory system size, the mechanical cost of breathing did not differ significantly among these three species, indicating that deeper breathing is enabled by morphological but not mechanical differences between species. The metabolic cost of breathing was estimated to be <1% of basal metabolic rate at rest in normoxia. Because of differences in the magnitude of the ventilatory response, the cost of breathing was estimated to increase 7-to 10-fold in bar-headed and barnacle geese in severe hypoxia, but less than 1-fold in Andean geese exposed to the same low atmospheric P O2 .

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Effects of Midazolam on Corticosterone and Blood Gases in Spectacled Eiders Prior to Transmitter Implantation

et al. 2021

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Stress and physical exertion may affect the physiology and behavior of wildlife during and after capture, and consequently, survival following release. Such effects may reduce the quality and quantity of the data obtained from captured wildlife. We captured spectacled eiders (Somateria fischeri), a species listed as threatened under the United States Endangered Species Act, in western Alaska, USA, during spring 2018 for surgical implantation of satellite transmitters. We evaluated the efficacy of midazolam, a benzodiazepine sedative given at capture, to reduce stress and physical exertion. We dosed spectacled eiders with either midazolam (5 mg/ml, true x ¯ = 2.2 mg/kg intramuscular; n = 20) or saline (0.7 ml intramuscular; n = 20) at the point of capture. We assessed sedation level and collected blood samples upon arrival to the field surgery site and at anesthetic induction. We found that midazolam reduced mean corticosterone concentration by 29% and median lactate concentration by 30.3% at the mean arrival time (42 min post‐dosing) relative to the control group. These effects had abated by the mean induction time (99 min post‐dosing). Unexpectedly, blood pH was reduced in the midazolam treatment relative to controls at both arrival and induction, which likely resulted from sedative‐induced respiratory depression that was easily treated with intubation and mechanical ventilation, and administration of the reversal drug, flumazenil. Low blood pH was not associated with negative post‐surgical outcomes, as had been found in spectacled eiders with acidosis caused by anaerobic metabolism typical of physical exertion. Intramuscular injection of midazolam in the field effectively reduced stress and physical exertion in spectacled eiders prior to surgical implantation of transmitters. © 2021 The Wildlife Society.

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Free‐Living Waterfowl and Shorebirds

Cited by 8 publications

References 142 publications

Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of alfaxalone after a single intramuscular or intravascular injection in mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos)

Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of alfaxalone after a single intramuscular or intravascular injection in mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos)

Respiratory mechanics and morphology of Tibetan and Andean high-altitude geese with divergent life histories

Effects of Midazolam on Corticosterone and Blood Gases in Spectacled Eiders Prior to Transmitter Implantation

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