From Breakers to Bikers: The Evolution of the Dutch Crips ‘Gang’

Roks, Robby; Densley, James A.

doi:10.1080/01639625.2019.1572301

Cited by 19 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…Less stringent initiation procedures may pave the way for such a new type of member who under "normal" circumstances would not meet the required standards for OMCG membership (Veno 2009). The emergence of so-called hybrid gangs, referring to OMCGs that evolved from mergers with street gangs and other brotherhoods, to bolster their criminal notoriety and reputation, is relevant in this regard (Lauchs, Bain, and Bell 2015;Roks 2016;Roks and Densley 2020).…”

Section: Territorial Growth Inter-gang Violence and Changes In Omcg Membershipmentioning

confidence: 99%

Examining Membership of Dutch Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs and Its Association with Indqividual Criminal Careers

2021

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Using long-term personal background and registered criminal career data on 2,714 police-identified members of Dutch Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs (OMCGs), the current study examines Dutch OMCG membership and its association with members' criminal careers. Results show that Dutch OMCG members differ from the average Dutch adult male population (N = 6,845,110) in terms of demographic, socio-economic, and criminal career characteristics. Furthermore, the findings corroborate statements that selection into Dutch OMCG membership has changed in recent years. Finally, the study explored the consequences of joining and desisting an OMCG on crime. The findings cautiously demonstrate that desistance from OMCG membership is associated with a drop in total and violent registered criminal behavior. No effects of joining an OMCG on crime were found, which is attributed to recent changes in OMCGs' membership profile. Implications for future research are discussed.

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Section: Territorial Growth Inter-gang Violence and Changes In Omcg Membershipmentioning

confidence: 99%

Examining Membership of Dutch Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs and Its Association with Indqividual Criminal Careers

2021

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“…Roks utilized this approach during the first period of his ethnographic research. In January 2011, his primary research contact from an earlier study-the gang's founder and leader, Raymond 2 -was incarcerated (Roks and Densley 2019). Despite this hiccup, Roks was eager to locate a field site where he could initiate learning about The Forgotten Village's social dynamics.…”

Section: Watching From the Shadows: The One-way Mirror Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

GangstaLife: Fusing Urban Ethnography with Netnography in Gang Studies

Urbanik

Roks

2020

Qual Sociol

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Recent research on street-involved populations has documented their online presence and has highlighted the effects of their online presentations on their lives in the real world. Given the increasing conflation between the online and offline world, contemporary urban ethnographers should pay increased attention to their participants' online presence and interactions. However, methodological training of this sort is still in its infancy stages and has not yet evolved to guide the growing number of researchers undertaking this form of research. This article draws from our experiences using social media in our urban ethnographies with criminally involved groups, to examine the benefits, risks, and challenges of drawing on social media in urban ethnography. It is intended to serve as a foundational piece that will hopefully ignite scholarly dialogue, debate, and methodological training relating to deploying social media in urban-and specifically-gang ethnography.

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“…Up to 50,000 individuals were sent back to their emigre countries El Salvador, Honduras, Guatemala, and Nicaragua in Central America during the 1990s, although maras did not emerge significantly in the latter (Cruz 2014; Zilberg 2011). Most research on gang transnationalism concludes that they are social forms of street-level youth gangs with no clear federal or transnational criminal structure, and are migratory sociocultural phenomenon as opposed to the expansion of an international criminal network (Jütersonke, Muggah, and Rodgers 2009; Roks and Densley 2019). Maras first developed in Northern Triangle countries as a localized cultural capital populated by disenfranchised male youths.…”

Section: Literature and Contributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The literature on Blood and Crip transnationalism is sparse. Exceptions in the Americas include Flores (2009), Gemert (2001), Hagedorn (2008), and Johns (2014), and Roks (2017) and Roks and Densley (2019) in Europe. In the Belizean case, only Miller Matthei and Smith (1998) have focused on transnatnioalism, although this research took place before the dramatic rise in gang violence in the country.…”

Section: Literature and Contributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“Man a Kill a Man for Nutin”: Gang Transnationalism, Masculinities, and Violence in Belize City

Baird

2019

Men and Masculinities

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Belize has one of the highest homicide rates in the world; however, the gangs at the heart of this violence have rarely been studied. Using a masculinities lens and original empirical data, this article explores how Blood and Crip “gang transnationalism” from the United States of America flourished in Belize City. Gang transnationalism is understood as a “transnational masculinity” that makes cultural connections between local settings of urban exclusion. On one hand, social terrains in Belize City generated masculine vulnerabilities to the foreign gang as an identity package with the power to reconfigure positions of subordination; on the other, the establishment of male gang practices with a distinct hegemonic shape, galvanized violence and a patriarchy of the streets in already marginalized communities. This article adds a new body of work on gangs in Belize, and gang transnationalism, whilst contributing to theoretical discussions around the global to local dynamics of hegemonic masculinities discussed by Connell and Messerschmidt (2005) and Messerschmidt (2018).

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From Breakers to Bikers: The Evolution of the Dutch Crips ‘Gang’

Cited by 19 publications

References 51 publications

Examining Membership of Dutch Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs and Its Association with Indqividual Criminal Careers

Examining Membership of Dutch Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs and Its Association with Indqividual Criminal Careers

GangstaLife: Fusing Urban Ethnography with Netnography in Gang Studies

“Man a Kill a Man for Nutin”: Gang Transnationalism, Masculinities, and Violence in Belize City

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