2019
DOI: 10.1177/1097184x19872787
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“Man a Kill a Man for Nutin”: Gang Transnationalism, Masculinities, and Violence in Belize City

Abstract: Belize has one of the highest homicide rates in the world; however, the gangs at the heart of this violence have rarely been studied. Using a masculinities lens and original empirical data, this article explores how Blood and Crip “gang transnationalism” from the United States of America flourished in Belize City. Gang transnationalism is understood as a “transnational masculinity” that makes cultural connections between local settings of urban exclusion. On one hand, social terrains in Belize City generated m… Show more

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Cited by 8 publications
(9 citation statements)
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“…A qualitative biographical hermeneutic methodology was employed (Rosenthal, 2006). The biographical perspective has proven to be productive in inquiring how lives, meanings, local contexts, and structural phenomena are intertwined (Baird, 2019;Farmer, 2009). Narrative interviews were selected because of their unstructured nature allowing participants to drive the flow of the interview (Rosenthal, 2006).…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…A qualitative biographical hermeneutic methodology was employed (Rosenthal, 2006). The biographical perspective has proven to be productive in inquiring how lives, meanings, local contexts, and structural phenomena are intertwined (Baird, 2019;Farmer, 2009). Narrative interviews were selected because of their unstructured nature allowing participants to drive the flow of the interview (Rosenthal, 2006).…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The low/high threshold-tolerance of violence has also been a common focus of attention to analyze how violent acts are minimized and normalized both in daily routines (Heilman & Barker, 2018;Launius & Hassel, 2015) and extraordinary circumstances (Roy, 2008). Moreover, ethnographic fieldwork has illustrated how homicide perpetration is closely associated with specific forms of masculinity which are negotiated as a part of identity formation (Baird, 2018(Baird, , 2019. Phenomenological research has shown that IPV and intimate femicide are a response to a triad of experiences: being bullied as a child, having emotionally absent fathers, and low self-esteem (Lien & Lorentzen, 2019;Ward, 2008).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Poverty and underdevelopment experienced at the urban margins of PoS, and the associated stigma, created a rebelliousness against authority among young men and susceptibility to the lure of the gang's relative riches. This explains why there is a consistently higher prevalence of poor young men in gangs than in wealthier sections of society, framed as "masculine vulnerability," deliberately placing the emphasis on the way in which excluded social terrains intersect with gender, where gangs are seen as sites of opportunity and possibility (Baird 2019). In PoS's transition to high levels of lethal violence, young men were a receptive interface for newfound flows of guns and drugs.…”
Section: Old Violencementioning
confidence: 99%
“…It has been observed across the region that gangs regularly "get the girls"; clearly, young women living under structural constraints are also drawn to gangs. They are often sexually objectified, "emphasised femininities" in relation to male gang power (Messerschmidt 2018, 47), and, as such, they arguably contribute to the cultivation of the gang's hegemonic project (Baird 2019). However, women's relationships with gangs are complex, and while not covered in depth here, stories were widespread in the field that gang girlfriends were frequently victims of physical and sexual abuse, reflecting women's experiences with gangs in Central America and the Caribbean (Aguilar Umaña and Rikkers 2012).…”
Section: New Violencementioning
confidence: 99%
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