From Star Wars to Space Wars' - The Next Strategic Frontier: Paradigms to Anchor Space Security

Maogoto, Jackson Nyamuya; Freeland, Steven

doi:10.2139/ssrn.1079452

Cited by 3 publications

(10 citation statements)

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“…Naturally, this would require a significant shift in political will among the major space-faring nations, which although a difficult task, should be encouraged through negotiation and broader political pressure". As Maogoto and Freeland 2008 Air and Space Law 28 point out "the future of space security will depend on how effectively all States strive for the 'de-weaponization' of outer space and pressure the major space-faring nations, and how those nations are able to set aside their differences".…”

Section: Space Weaponmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Tronchetti "Soft Law Approach" 365; Maogoto and Freeland 2008 As will be further discussed below, the Outer Space Treaty 23 prohibits the installation of nuclear weapons and weapons of mass destruction in outer space and determines that the moon and other celestial bodies shall be used for peaceful purposes only. 24 Although the installation and testing of military equipment and space weapons in outer space is clearly unlawful, the problem remains that most space assets have the potential to be used for military purposes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Selected Legal Challenges Relating to the Military use of Outer Space, with Specific Reference to Article IV of the Outer Space Treaty

Ferreira-Snyman¹

2015

PER

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It's politically sensitive, but it's going to happen. Some people don't want to hear this, and it sure isn't vogue, but-absolutely-we're going to fight in space. We're going to fight from space and we're going to fight into space. That's why the US has developed programs in directed energy and hit-to-kill mechanisms. We will engage terrestrial targets someday-ships, airplanes, land targets-from space. 12 The USA regards outer space as a top national security interest to which its military power should be extended by, for example, the possible deployment of non-nuclear space-based weaponry. 13 Especially since the terrorist attacks in New York on 11 6

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Section: Space Weaponmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selected Legal Challenges Relating to the Military use of Outer Space, with Specific Reference to Article IV of the Outer Space Treaty

Ferreira-Snyman¹

2015

PER

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“…Naturally, this would require a significant shift in political will among the major space-faring nations, which although a difficult task, should be encouraged through negotiation and broader political pressure". Maogoto and Freeland 2008 Air and Space Law 27-28. 147 Gertz 2014 http://freebeacon.com/national-security/u-s-opposes-new-draft-treaty-from-chinaand-russia-banning-space-weapons/.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As Maogoto and Freeland 2008 Air and Space Law 28 point out "the future of space security will depend on how effectively all States strive for the 'de-weaponization' of outer space and pressure the major space-faring nations, and how those nations are able to set aside their differences".…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…184 Tronchetti "Soft Law Approach" 368. Maogoto and Freeland 2008 Air and Space Law propose in this regard that "[w]e must move towards the negotiation of a comprehensive international legal instrument addressing the issues of space weaponization, based on the accepted principle that space is the common heritage of mankind …". Also see Park 2006 Hous J Int'l L 893.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Interpretation to be accorded to the Term "Benefits" in Section 186(2)(A) of the LRA Continues: Apollo Tyres South Africa (PTY) LIMITED v CCMA (DA1/11) [2013] ZALAC 3

Ebrahim

2017

PER

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The interpretation to be accorded to the term benefits in section 186(2)(a) of the Labour Relations Act 66 of 1995 (the "LRA") has come before the Courts on several occasions. In terms of section 186(2)(a) of the LRA any unfair act or omission by an employer relating to the provision of benefits to an employee falls within the ambit of an unfair labour practice. In Schoeman v Samsung Electronics SA (Pty) Ltd[1] the Labour Court (the "LC") held that the term benefit could not be interpreted to include remuneration. It stated that a benefit is something extra from remuneration. In Gaylard v Telkom South Africa Ltd[2] the LC endorsed the decision in Samsung and held that if benefits were to be interpreted to include remuneration then this would curtail strike action with regard to issues of remuneration. In Hospersa v Northern Cape Provincial Administration[3] the issue regarding the interpretation of the term benefits did not relate to whether or not it included remuneration but rather to whether it included a hope to create new benefits which were non-existent. The Labour Appeal Court (the "LAC") held that the term benefits refers only to benefits which exist ex contractu or ex lege but does not include a hope to create new benefits. The LAC adopted this approach in order to maintain the separation between a dispute of interest and one of mutual interest, the latter being subject to arbitration whilst the former is subject to the collective bargaining process (strike action). In Protekon (Pty) Ltd v CCMA[4] the LC disagreed with the reasoning in Samsung and held that the term remuneration as defined in section 213 of the LRA is wide enough to include payment to employees, which may be described as benefits. The LC remarked that the statement in Samsung to the effect that a benefit is something extra from remuneration goes too far. It further remarked that the concern that the right to strike would be curtailed if remuneration were to fall within the ambit of benefits need not persist. It based this statement on the reasoning that if the issue in dispute concerns a demand by employees that certain benefits be granted then this is a matter for the collective bargaining process (strike action) but where the issue in dispute concerns the fairness of the employer’s conduct then this is subject to arbitration.[5] It is then no surprise that the issue regarding the interpretation of the term benefits once again came before the LAC in Apollo Tyres South Africa (Pty) Limited v CCMA & others.[6] The LAC was tasked with deciding if the term could be interpreted to include a benefit which is to be granted subject to the discretion of the employer upon application by the employee. In deciding this, the LAC overturned the decisions in Samsung and Hospersa and opted to follow the decision in Protekon. Apollo is worthy of note as it is the latest contribution from the LAC regarding the interpretation of the term benefits and it is of binding force for the Commission for Conciliation Mediation and Arbitration and Labour Courts in terms of the principle of stare decisis. The purpose of this note is threefold. Firstly, the facts, arguments and judgment in Apolloare stated briefly. Secondly, the judgment is critically analysed and commented upon. Thirdly, the note concludes by commenting on the way forward for benefit disputes in terms of section 186(2)(a) of the LRA.

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Wykorzystanie zasobów kosmicznych Unii Europejskiej dla realizacji celów Wspólnej Polityki Bezpieczeństwa i Obrony

Słomczyńska

2014

10.14746/rie

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Unia Europejska jako aktor globalny, nie tylko rozszerza podmiotowo swoje dzia-³ania zewnêtrzne, ale tak¿e nieustannie wzbogaca swoje instrumentarium. Istotnym instrumentem staj¹ siê w tym kontekoecie zasoby kosmiczne, które pozwalaj¹ Unii na realizacjê celów polityki zagranicznej i bezpieczeñstwa oraz promowanie swoich wartooeci w sposób pe³niejszy i znacznie bardziej autonomiczny, co potwierdzaj¹ stosowne zapisy Traktatu z Lizbony. Zasada spójnooeci dzia³añ zewnêtrznych, podkreoelona w katalogu nadrzêdnych zasad UE, miêdzy innymi w art. 21 ust. 3 z innymi politykami Unii sprawia, ¿e realizacja polityki kosmicznej Unii Europejskiej zwi¹zana jest równie¿ dzia³aniami podejmowanymi na arenie miêdzynarodowej. Nale¿y do nich tak¿e i przede wszystkim realizacja zadañ i celów Wspólnej Polityki Bezpieczeñstwa i Obrony, gdzie wykorzystanie zasobów i zdolnooeci technologicznych Unii Europejskiej ma kluczowe znaczenie dla skutecznooeci dzia³añ w tym wymiarze. Nale¿y jednak podkreoeliae, ¿e Europejska Polityka Kosmiczna pozostaje nadal w pocz¹tkowej fazie rozwoju, a zatem jej oddzia³ywanie na Wspóln¹ Politykê Bezpieczeñstwa i Obrony nale¿y oceniae raczej przez pryzmat mo¿liwooeci wykorzystania zasobów kosmicznych. Z drugiej strony nale¿y równie¿ wskazaae, ¿e zasoby kosmiczne s¹ wykorzystywane przez Uniê Europejsk¹ od momentu utworzenia Centrum Satelitarnego w Torrejon, którego zdaniem jest przetwarzanie danych uzyskanych ze zdjêae satelitarnych na potrzeby Wspólnej Polityki Bezpieczeñstwa i Obrony.Celem artyku³u jest wskazanie mo¿liwooeci i przyk³adów faktycznego wykorzystania zasobów kosmicznych na potrzeby Wspólnej Polityki Bezpieczeñstwa i Obrony, ze szczególnym uwzglêdnieniem unormowañ prawnych analizowanego zjawiska. Struktura artyku³u przedstawia siê nastêpuj¹co. W czêoeci pierwszej wskazane zostan¹ podstawowe dokumenty, stanowi¹ce ramy dla wykorzystania przestrzeni kosmicznej na potrzeby Wspólnej Polityki Bezpieczeñstwa i Obrony. Czêoeae druga pracy zawieraae bêdzie charakterystykê realizowanych programów, jak równie¿ zakres i analizê zbie¿nooeci Wspólnej Polityki Bezpieczeñstwa i Obrony z dzia³aniami podejmowanymi przez Uniê Europejsk¹ w innych obszarach swej aktywnooeci. Czêoeae trzecia, bêd¹ca jednoczeoenie podsumowaniem, pooewiêcona zostanie proponowanym zmianom pro-Nr 8

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From Star Wars to Space Wars' - The Next Strategic Frontier: Paradigms to Anchor Space Security

Cited by 3 publications

References 1 publication

Selected Legal Challenges Relating to the Military use of Outer Space, with Specific Reference to Article IV of the Outer Space Treaty

Selected Legal Challenges Relating to the Military use of Outer Space, with Specific Reference to Article IV of the Outer Space Treaty

The Interpretation to be accorded to the Term "Benefits" in Section 186(2)(A) of the LRA Continues: Apollo Tyres South Africa (PTY) LIMITED v CCMA (DA1/11) [2013] ZALAC 3

Wykorzystanie zasobów kosmicznych Unii Europejskiej dla realizacji celów Wspólnej Polityki Bezpieczeństwa i Obrony

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