Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles—A Brief Review of Current Topologies and Energy Management Strategies

Abstract

With the development of technologies in recent decades and the imposition of international standards to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, car manufacturers have turned their attention to new technologies related to electric/hybrid vehicles and electric fuel cell vehicles. This paper focuses on electric fuel cell vehicles, which optimally combine the fuel cell system with hybrid energy storage systems, represented by batteries and ultracapacitors, to meet the dynamic power demand required by the electric motor and auxiliary systems. This paper compares the latest proposed topologies for fuel cell electric vehicles and reveals the new technologies and DC/DC converters involved to generate up-to-date information for researchers and developers interested in this specialized field. From a software point of view, the latest energy management strategies are analyzed and compared with the reference strategies, taking into account performance indicators such as energy efficiency, hydrogen consumption and degradation of the subsystems involved, which is the main challenge for car developers. The advantages and disadvantages of three types of strategies (rule-based strategies, optimization-based strategies and learning-based strategies) are discussed. Thus, future software developers can focus on new control algorithms in the area of artificial intelligence developed to meet the challenges posed by new technologies for autonomous vehicles.

Optimal Techno-Economic Planning of a Smart Parking Lot—Combined Heat, Hydrogen, and Power (SPL-CHHP)-Based Microgrid in the Active Distribution Network

“…Figure 17 shows the TOPSIS technique. Thus, since there are 18 states and 2 functions, the number of alternatives will be equal to 2, and the number of indicators will be equal to 18.…”

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A Review of Recent Developments and Advanced Applications of High-Temperature Polymer Electrolyte Membranes for PEM Fuel Cells

“…[43]. Other factors such as the grid congestion and unreliability, global warming, urbanisation, rising energy costs, ability to use waste heat, and avoidance of peak load constraints do also play roles in the decision making of the market [43,[241][242][243]. Fuel cells for the CHP applications need to be~80-90% efficient, cost effective (less than $2000 kW −1 per installed unit), have useable heat (about 150-250 • C), and a long life duration (at least 10 years) to meet the required prerequisites to enter into the energy market [194,244].…”

Power Converters and EMS for Fuel Cells CCHP Applications: A Structural and Extended Review

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